VMT 209 Exam 4

Brucellosis is a

Contagious bacterial infection

Brucellosis causative agent

Brucella canis

Female dogs may

Abort late in gestation (45-55 days)

Brucellosis diagnosis

Blood antigen testing, can be detected 3-4 weeks post infection

Brucellosis treatment

Antibiotics, cannot be completely eliminated. Spay/ neuter is recommended

Feline Chlamydia causative agent

Chlamydophila felis

Chlamydophila felis transmission

Direct contact in kittens generally 2-6 months

Clinical signs of Chlamydophila felis

Conjunctivitis, discharge from eyes, takes 2-3 weeks to recover

Chlamydophila felis diagnosis

PCR testing from conjunctival swabs

Chlamydophila felis treatment

Antibiotics, oral or topical with a minimum of a 4 week treatment

Feline hemotropic mycoplasmosis (FHM) causative agent

Mycoplasma haemofelis

Mycoplasma haemofelis transmission

Fleas with direct transmission, can have long incubation period up to 7 weeks

Clinical signs of Mycoplasma haemofelis

Mild disease may not have obvious signs

Symptomatic anemia signs

Jaundice, enlarged spleen or lymph nodes, and rapid breathing

Mycoplasma haemofelis diagnosis

Anemia, observation of organisms on RBCs, PCR

Mycoplasma haemofelis treatment

Antibiotics, in severe cases blood transfusion, and treatment of concurrent disease

Treatment for tapeworms

Praziquantel

Dipylidium caninum final host

Dogs, cats, and sometimes humans

Dipylidium caninum life cycle

Ova hatch in flea, develop into cysticercoid, flea ingested by final host, larvae evaginate in intestine, attach to wall and mature

Taenia pisiformis final host

Dogs

Taenia pisiformis life cycle

Proglottids shed into environment, eaten by rabbit, penetrates rabbit intestinal wall, forms cysticercus, dog eats rabbit and ingests

Taenia taeniaformis final host

Cats

Taenia taeniaformis life cycle

Same as Taenia pisiformis except with rodents

Taenia hydatigena final host

Dogs, wild candids, bobcats

Taenia hydatigena life cycle

Larval form cysticercus, develops in liver, liver eaten by final host

Taenia multiceps final host

Dogs

Taenia multiceps life cycle

Infected dogs contaminate pasture, sheep graze and ingest eggs, larval forms inside brain cavity, develop into coenuris in 6-8 months

Clinical signs for intermediate host of Taenia multiceps

Blindness, circling, paralysis, and eventually death

Echinococcus graulosa and Echinococcus multilocularis Final host

Dogs and cats

E. graulosa intermediate host

Herbivores (especially sheep); humans

E. multilocularis intermediate host

Small rodents (especially mice); herbivores, swine, humans

Echinococcus tapeworms cause this in intermediate hosts

Hydatid cysts

Echinococcus life cycle

Dog sheds proglottids, sheep eat proglottids, dog eats sheep meat. Humans are intermediate hosts if ingested by dogs

Hymenolepis nana final host

Mice, rats, and humans

Hymenolepis nana deos not require an

Intermediate host

Diphyllobothrium latum final host

Dog, cat, swine, human, and other fish eaters

Diphyllobothrium latum intermediate hosts

First; crustaceans and second;fish

Diphyllobothrium latum life cycle

First intermediate host ingests ova, second intermediate host ingests first host, cysticercoid develops in second host, final host ingests second host, tapeworm matures in final host

Diphyllobothrium latum clinical signs

Asymptomatic in all but humans. In humans pernicious anemia (vit B12 deficiency)

Diagnosis of Diphyllobothrium latum

Ova in floatation, segments in stool

Cystoisospora spp final host

Dogs and cats

Cystoisospora spp life cycle

Patient ingests infective coccidia oocyst, invades SI epithelium, multiple stages of asexual reproduction, one stage of sexual reproduction, creating a zygote, zygote develops to oocyst, released through feces, oocyst sporulates in envrionment for 4 days, now infective

Cystoisospora spp prepatent period

1-3 weeks

Cystoisospora spp clinical signs

Diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss

Cystoisospora spp diagnosis

Oocysts in feces, can have a positive test with no clinical signs

Cystoisospora spp treatment

Albon

Toxoplasma gondii final host

Cats

Toxoplasma gondii intermediate host

Birds, species of mammals including humans

Toxoplasma gondii life cycle

Oocysts passed in feces of final host, become infective in 1-5 days, intermediate host ingests oocysts, develop into tachyzoite, migrate through blood and lymph, encyst in tissue now called bradyzoites, final host ingests intermediate host, bradyzoites released, parasite goes through sexual reproduction, oocysts shed in final hosts feces

Toxoplasma gondii clinical signs

Usually in young/immunocompromised patients, fever, pneumonia, eye issues

Toxoplasma gondii diagnosis

Immunoglobin testing and fecal floatation for oocysts

Toxoplasma gondii treatment

Antibiotics

Giardia spp final host

Dogs, cats, birds, humans

Giardia spp life cycle

Infected host sheds cysts in feces, cysts remain dormant until ingested, once inside new host each cyst produces 2 trophozoites/tachyzoites, attach to epithelium, reproduce via binary fission, cysts shed into feces, cycle starts again

Giardia spp clinical signs

Vomiting, diarrhea, dysentery

Giardia spp diagnosis

Trophozoites/tachyzoites found on direct smear, cysts found on fecal floats, fecal antigen testing

Giardia spp treatment

Antibiotics, Fenbendazole

Paragonimus kellicotti final host

Dogs, cats, other carnivores, humans

Paragonimus kellicotti intermediate host

First: snail, Second: crayfish

Paragonimus kellicotti life cycle

Ova shed in water, hatch into miracidium, find and infect snail, develop into carcaria in snail, crayfish eat snail, then eaten by final host or paratenic host, in final host young flukes penetrate intestinal tract, from intestinal tract, enter abdominal cavity, migrate through the diaphragm, then to lungs, in lungs lay eggs, cough swallow, eggs released in feces

Paragonimus kellicotti clinical signs

Coughing, respiratory issues

Paragonimus kellicotti diagnosis

Cysts visible on x-ray and fecal sedimentation

Nanophyetus salmincola final host

Dogs, cats, raccoon, and other carnivores

Nanophyetus salmincola intermediate hosts

First: Snail, Second: Salmon

Nanophyetus salmincola life cycle

Ova released in water, hatch into miracidium, snail infected, inside snail develop into cercaria, cercaria leave snail and infect salmon, inside salmon, develop into metacercaria, final host ingest salmon, matures in SI

The issue of Nanophyetus salmincola is not the parasite but

The bacteria Neorickettsia helminthoeca

Neorickettsia helminthoeca clinical signs

High fever, vomiting, diarrhea

Neorickettsia helminthoeca has a

90% mortality rate if untreated