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Paradigm shift
Change in scientific understanding contradicting previous beliefs.
Natural selection
Process where organisms better adapted survive and reproduce.
Mutation
Change in DNA creating new alleles.
Meiosis
Cell division producing genetic variation in offspring. Produces 4 haploid daughter cells
Sexual reproduction
Combines genes from two parents, increasing variation.
Asexual reproduction
Single parent reproduction, limited variation.
Intraspecific competition
Competition among individuals of the same species.
Abiotic factors
Non-living environmental factors affecting organisms.
Density-independent factors
Environmental pressures not influenced by population density.
Density-dependent factors
Environmental pressures influenced by population density.
Fitness
Heritable traits enhancing survival and reproduction.
Evolutionary change
Cumulative alteration in allele frequencies over time.
Acquired traits
Characteristics gained during life, not inherited.
Sexual selection
Mate choice based on advantageous traits.
Gene pool
Total genetic diversity within a population.
Neo-Darwinism
Integration of natural selection and genetics.
Allele frequency
Proportion of a specific allele in a population.
Stabilising selection
Average phenotypes favored over extremes.
Disruptive selection
Extreme phenotypes favored over average ones.
Directional selection
One extreme phenotype favored over another.
Hardy-Weinberg equation
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
Artificial selection
Human-directed breeding for desired traits.
