Applied Psychology Exam

Week 12. What does the following definition refer to?
"to design or change it so that it will continue to be useful or successful in the future if the situation changes".

future-proof

Week 12. What?
a broad concept encompassing continuous learning throughout life, aiming to improve knowledge, skills, and competence for personal, civic, social, or employment-related purposes. It emphasizes that learning is not confined to formal education and should occur at various stages and in different contexts

Life-long learning

Week 12
The development of deep learning, or deep expertise in any domain or discipline and the development of these learning capabilities or skills occur simultaneously. One is not attained without the other.

W12
1. Embrace change. This involves learning everything you can about what is coming, which will tend to reduce fear and increase your coping ability.

2. Read books. Reading fiction can help us to understand other people. If we need an esape from our real lives due to stress, for example, then reading a book can help us to have one.

3. Maintain a support network. Social resources help us to ameliorate the potential effects of a stressful event. They help us to feel valued and cared for so we are better able to cope with such events.

4. Exercise. Being active has been shown to have positive effects on self-esteem, which can make us feel as though we have some control over the world around us.

5. Switch off. Social media leads us to compare ourselves to others and can cause us to feel worse. High frequency mobile phone use (defined as 11 or more texts and/ or calls a day) is significantly more likely to have negative mental health outcomes, including stress and anxiety.

5 ways of future-proofing your career

W12
What proportion of current students will be doing a job in their working lives that does not yet exist, according to the talk?

65%

Wk? psychological phenomenon where individuals put in less effort when working in a group compared to when working alone.

social loafing

Wk? people's IQ scores rise over time refers to…

Flynn Effect

Wk1
Why is relying on intuition about everyday behavior often insufficient for understanding the true causes of behavior?

A. Intuition always leads to accurate conclusions based on personal experience
B. Intuition is unbiased and rooted in scientific methods
C. Intuition can be influenced by cognitive biases and lacks empirical evidence
D. Intuition provides the same insights as controlled psychological experiments

C. Intuition can be influenced by cognitive biases and lacks empirical evidence

Wk1 organism's observable actions and reactions, encompassing both overt (visible) and covert (internal) activities, in response to internal or external stimuli.

behavior

Wk1
ability to acquire knowledge or understanding without conscious reasoning or needing an explanation, often described as a "gut feeling" or "inner sensing".

intuition

Wk1
____ are subjective beliefs or judgments about what is important, right, or desirable (e.g., “Honesty is essential in relationships”).
____, on the other hand, are objective statements that can be proven or disproven through observation or evidence (e.g., “People who lie are more likely to be caught when under stress”).

values; facts

Wk1
Which of the following best describes the difference between values and facts, and how the scientific method helps distinguish them?

A. Values are based on evidence, while facts are opinions shared by experts
B. Values are testable statements, while facts are emotional beliefs
C. Facts are objective and testable, while values are subjective and not proven by the scientific method
D. The scientific method is only used to confirm values we already believe in

C. Facts are objective and testable, while values are subjective and not proven by the scientific method

Wk1 What purpose does crying serve is a question most likely to be posed by a…

a) Behavioruist
b) Evolutionist
c) FUnctionalist
d) Structuralist
e) Psychologist

c) FUnctionalist

Wk1 Which TWO of the following statements accurately reflect key differences between structuralism and functionalism?

A. Structuralism aimed to identify the basic elements of consciousness, while functionalism focused on the functions of mental processes.
B. Structuralism used experimental observation of behavior, while functionalism relied solely on introspection.
C. Functionalism was more concerned with how mental processes aid adaptation to the environment than describing their structure.
D. Structuralism and functionalism both rejected the study of consciousness in favor of studying behavior.
E. Functionalism aimed to understand the unconscious mind through psychoanalytic techniques, unlike structuralism.

A n C

Wk1
dualism (mind and body are distinct but interacting entities) and the concept of innate ideas
Is contributed to which philosopher?
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679):

René Descartes (1596-1650)

John Locke (1632-1704):

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

René Descartes (1596-1650)

Wk1
This approach examines how social situations and cultural contexts influence thinking and behavior. Key concepts include social norms, conformity, cultural values, and individualism vs. collectivism. This field highlights the impact of social interactions and cultural backgrounds on psychological processes.

socio-cultural psychology

Wk2
refers to prioritising yourself and focusing on what it

is that you need to optimise to get the

biggest performance improvements in every

area of your life

self-optimisation

Wk2
When a more complex task (than the first task) is set, performance is lower in the group who received

A) lower extrinsic reward
b) higher extrinsic reward
c) lower intrinsic reward
d) higher intrinsic reward

b higher extrinsic reward

Wk2
How to increase motivation
Goal-setting, enjoyment, plan, monitor, feedback, reward

GEP - goals yippe MFD - move forward

Wk2
the phenomenon where attention is diverted away from a primary task or stimulus due to the presence of irrelevant or competing information, leading to reduced performance, slower responses, or errors.

distraction effect

Wk2
1) Clarity

2) Challenge

3) Commitment
4) Feedback
5) Task Complexity

Locke’s goal setting theory

Wk2
Specific – simple, sensible, significant
(clear what is required to achieve)

Measurable – meaningful, motivating
(can be monitored)

Achievable – agreed, attainable
(able to achieve with capabilities at hand, break it down into smaller goals and make individual map with every goal having its own task)

Relevant – reasonable, realistic and resourced, results-based
Consistent with overall mission

Time-Limited – time-based, time-limited, time-sensitive 

SMART Goals

Wk3
characterized by the dominance of emotion and belief over objective facts in shaping public opinion.

post-truth

Wk 3
Online environments where individuals are primarily exposed to information that confirms their existing beliefs. This can reinforce biases and make it difficult to engage with diverse perspectives.

Echo chambers

Wk3
A term used to describe claims that contradict established facts. This phrase highlights the rejection of objective truth in favor of subjective beliefs.

Alternative Facts

Wk3
False or inaccurate information that is spread unintentionally.
vs
 False or inaccurate information that is spread intentionally to deceive. This is a deliberate attempt to manipulate public opinion or cause harm.

Misinfromation; Disinformation

Wk3
The study of culturally induced ignorance or doubt. This field examines how ignorance and uncertainty are created and spread, often for political or economic gain.

Agnotology

Wk3
the mental discomfort experienced by holding two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values.

cognitive dissonance

Wk3
The tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs or values. This bias reinforces existing beliefs and makes it difficult to consider alternative perspectives.

confirmation bias

Wk3
Expert Advice: Information or guidance provided by individuals with specialized knowledge and skills in a particular field. In the post-truth era, expert advice is often _____

dismissed or downplayed.

Wk3 Article
The unconscious tendency to process information in a way that confirms pre-existing beliefs or values. This can lead to biased interpretations of evidence and the rejection of contradictory information.

Motivated Reasoning

Wk3
 A systematic error in thinking that affects judgments and decisions.
can be conscious or unconscious and can significantly impact how we process information.

Bias

Wk3
The increasing interconnectedness of global systems, making it difficult to predict the consequences of actions. This complexity makes it challenging to understand and address global challenges.

Interdependence

Wk3 Technology’s Amplifying Role
Technology's Amplifying Role

• Social Media Algorithms: The complex systems used by social media platforms to personalize content and prioritize certain posts. These algorithms can create echo chambers and reinforce existing biases. Advanced understanding: Analyze the ethical implications of social media algorithms and their potential to spread misinformation.

Wk3 Technology’s Amplifying Role
Technology's Amplifying Role

Personalized online experiences that limit exposure to diverse perspectives. This can reinforce existing beliefs and make it difficult to engage with opposing viewpoints.

Advanced understanding:

occurs when algorithms (like those on social media or Google) tailor what you see online based on your past behavior — such as clicks, likes, or searches.

Filter Bubbles

Wk3
Filter bubbles are shaped by… and Echo Chambers are shaped by…

A. Filter bubbles are shaped by people’s conscious choices to engage with similar viewpoints, while echo chambers are created by social media algorithms that filter out opposing opinions.

B. Echo chambers and filter bubbles are both formed exclusively through algorithmic processes that tailor content to individual preferences.

C. Filter bubbles are shaped by algorithms that passively expose users to like-minded content, while echo chambers are shaped by people’s active choices to engage primarily with those who share their beliefs.

D. Both filter bubbles and echo chambers are the result of deliberate political manipulation by media organizations to increase polarization.

E. Echo chambers are created by random exposure to different content, while filter bubbles are formed by individuals who seek out conflicting opinions.

1. by algorithms (passive exposure), by people and choices (active selection).

Wk3
Which of the following are essential to understand in order to navigate in the post-truth world

A) confirmation bias
B) availability heuristic
C) anchoring bias
d) the bandwagon effect
E) all of the above

all

Wk3 MC
The tobacco industry's deliberate campaign to sow doubt about the link between smoking and cancer serves as a prime example of a pre-cursor to modern post-truth strategies. This involved funding research that contradicted established scientific findings, promoting "expert" opinions that supported their narrative, and using public relations to create confusion and uncertainty

Tobacco Stategy

Wk3
tendency to rely too heavily on the very first piece of information you learn. You can use this bias to set the expectations of others by putting the first info on the table for consideration

anchoring bias

wk3 tendency to pay attention to some things while simultaneously ignoring others

E.g Gorilla experiment - focusing on something specific prevents us from seeing the bigger picture

attention bias

wk3 placing greater value on info that comes to your mind quickly. You give greater credence to this info and then overestimate the probability and likelihood of similar things happening in the future.

E.g We are more likely to remember info more available to us, recency effect. A recent event likely to occur again.

availability heuristic

wk3 favouring info that conforms to your existing beliefs and discounting evidence that does not conform

• Confirms our beliefs, ignore what doesn’t

confirmation bias

wk3 tendency to overestimate how much other people agree w you

false consensus effect

wk3
tendency for post-event info to interfere with the memory of the original event. It is easy to have your memory influenced by what you hear about the event from others. This can lead to inaccurate memories and even the formation of new memories. Knowledge of this effect has led to distrust of eyewitness info.

misinformation effect

wk3 tendency to give equal weight to both sides of an issue, even when one side is demonstrably false, can contribute to the spread of misinformation. Advanced understanding involves analyzing the ethical considerations of media neutrality in a post-truth environment. Consider the responsibility of media outlets to combat misinformation.

information bias

wk4 Objects in our surroundings that trigger certain thoughts and desires, causing us to behave in certain ways
serve as a reference guide for how we should act

environmental cues

wk4
BODY - overall health, primary energy source, nutrition and exercise.

SELF - strengths, talents, gifts, skills, core values and unique assets.

SPIRITUAL - connection to a higher power (or disconnection), a sense of flow.

NATURE - life, plants, animals, outdoors, geography, seasons.

PHYSICAL - home, office, desk, car, equipment and possessions including anchors to the past.

FINANCIAL - money, investments, insurance, real estate, people who support your financial wellbeing.

NETWORK - customers, internet, social networks, clubs, groups, associations.

RELATIONSHIPS - family, friends, colleagues, neighbours, staff, team, mentors, coaches, pets and people.

MEMETIC - your memes, ideas, concepts and beliefs.

9 environments