Vitals, The Cell, and Fluids

90-120, 60-80

Normal range for blood pressure is _-_ mm Hg systolic ; Normal range of _-_ mm Hg diastolic

60-100, 12-20, 88-100

Heart Rate is normally at _-_ beats per minute

Respiratory Rate is normally at _-_ breaths per minute

Oxygen saturation normal range of _-_%, best to have above 95%

36-38, 97.7-99.5

Temperature is normally between _-_ degrees C or _-_ degrees F

Steady State

Concentrations are unchanged over time

Ex: Energy used for maintaining -70 mV action potentials

Chemical Equilibrium, not

The point at which concentrations are unchanged over time at reaction’s lowest energy state

• Many physiological processes __ (are/are not) in chemical equilibrium at homeostasis

Homeostasis

Process of maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment

Tone

Describes body’s baseline level of body chemicals that can be adjusted up or down

Heart, on, metoprolol, atropine

__ rate is a key example of tone where sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are both __ at rest (always working)

Think __ (med) used to decrease activity

Think __ (med) used to increase activity

Sympathetic, norepinephrine, alpha, constricts

A noted drop in arterial blood pressure:

Increased (titrated) __ outflow

Increase in __ (hormone/neurot) release onto the __-receptors

Blood vessel __ (action)

Hypothalamus, reabsorption, constriction

ADH release from the __ leads to increased __ of water and vaso__ of blood vessels

Goal is to increase blood volume and increase bp

Osmolarity, osmoreceptors, hypothalamus, hypothalamus, 275-295, ADH, kidneys, reabsorption, constriction

• Osmolarity homeostatic negative feedback loop

  • Regulated variable = __

  • Sensor = __, hypothalamus

  • Input signal = __

  • Control center = __

  • Set point = _-_ mOsm/L

  • Output signal = __ (vasopressin)

  • Effectors = __, vasculature

  • Controlled Variables = Increased water __, vaso__

Tachycardia, volume

First vital sign that changes as intravascular volume starts to decrease  - __ due to sudden loss in blood __ (think shock)

Equivalents (Eq), ion

__ is the # of moles needed to balance the charge of 1 mole of an oppositely charged monovalent (for some __)

136-145 mEq/L

Na+ nml lab range

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

K+ nml lab range

95-105 mEq/L

Cl- nml lab range

70-110 mg/dL

Glucose (fasting) nml lab range

1.5-2.0 mEq/L

Mg2+ nml lab range

8.4-10.2 mg/dL

Ca2+ nml lab range

3.5-5.5 g/dL

Albumin nml lab range

Molarity

How many moles of solute per liter (mol/L)

Equivalents

How many valence charges contributed by solute per liter (Eq/L)

Osmolarity

How many dissociated particles per liter (Osm/L)

Whole Blood, plasma, serum

__ __ contains all components of blood and clotting factors

__ is the cell-free component of blood (no red/white blood cells) and clotting factors

__ is similar to plasma but is instead coagulated (no coagulating factors, RBCs, WBCs)

Hematocrit (HCT), Hemoglobin

__ is the fraction of blood composed of RBCs

whereas __ is 1/3 of HCT

body water distribution, mass, intracellular, extracellular, interstitial, intravascular, plasma

• Total ____ = Mass x (⅔)

  • __ is almost always 100

  • __ Fluid = TBW x (⅔) ~ 66 L fluid for average adult

  • __ Fluid = TBW x (⅓) ~ 22 L

  • __ Fluid = ECF x (⅔) ~ 14 L

  • __ Fluid / Blood = ECF x (⅓) ~ 7 L

  • __ volume = intravascular x (1-Hct)

K+

Na+ Ca2+ Cl-

• Concentrations of __ are mainly in the intracellular fluid

• Concentrations of __ , __ , __ are mainly in the extracellular fluid

(Ions)

Albumin, sodium, potassium

• Plasma composition does have sizeable protein (__)

• Interstitial fluid composition is mainly of __ (ion)

• Intracellular fluid composition is mainly of __ (ion)

2,9, arrythmias

K+ levels at _ or mEq/L can lead to deadly __

120, 160, comas

Na+ levels under __ or over __ mEg/L can lead to __