CSD 326 Test 2

Articulation

the process whereby the structures within the vocal track exhaled air into specific speech sounds

it affects resonance because the sound wave is modified to vary the resonances of the vocal tract

How does articulation affect resonance?

oral cavity, nasal cavity, the pharynx

What are the three cavities of the vocal tract

Lips

front boundary of the oral cavity; lots of mobility

Mandible

forms the lower jaw; allows us to open and close the oral cavity

Teeth

serves as immovable ariculators

Hard Palate

the roof of the oral cavity, and the floor of the nasal cavity; raised ridge at the anterior is the alveolar ridge; immovable contacts for ariculation

Tongue

the movable floor of the oral cavity; most active of our articulators; occupies the majority of the oral cavity

swallowing, respiration, and speech

what is the function of the larynx?

nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

what are the parts of the larynx?

resonance of nasal sounds; has important parts in breathing and respiration

what is the function of the nasal cavity in resonance?

nasal septum (divides it in half) and nasal turbinates (forms each side of the nose

what are the parts of the nasal cavity?

Labial Valve

lips closing/opening

lingual valve

the tongue in contact with other articulators

velopharyngeal valve

closes off or opens up the nasal cavity

laryngeal valve

folds within the larynx that are either opened or closed

voice, place, and manner

how are consonants classified?

all are voiced and manner is essentially the same; tongue height and tongue advancement are primary dimensions

how are vowels classified?

a way to capture and analyze speech in a variety of ways

what is spectrography/spectral analysis?

PRAAT

what is the program we will use to analyze spectrograms?

Dipthongs

formant transitions; F2 transitions important; change resonant characteristics through production

Nasals

nasal murmur; most intense formant at 250-350 Hz; less density because of increase in volume which decreases frequency

Glides/Semivowels

movement of articulators during production; characterized by its formant transitions

Stops

plosive release of air; silent gap, release burst, voice onset time, formant transitionss

Fricatives

hissing quality; turbulent noise; fuzzy segment on spectrogram

Affricates

features of a stop and a fricative; shorter in duration than fricatives

they are all suprasegmentals of speech that impact how sounds are articulated in connected speech

what are coarticulation, stress, and intonation?

Coarticulation

when sounds before or after a vowel affect how the vowel sounds in a word

Stress

where the stress is placed in a word changes the meaning

Intonation

the rising and falling pattern in our speech; the difference between a statement and a question

single phonemes have features and characteristics, and this is the ideal production. connected speech will affect how we produce the phonemes.

how to stress, intonation and coarticulation affect resonance?

Dysarthria

an umbrella term for a group of speech disorders in which muscles of speech are paralyzed, weak, or uncoordinated

articulation is unpredictable and there are problems with timing; duration of vowels and consonants are longer and more variable

how does dysarthria affect articulation?

they are assessed by looking at F1 and F2 ratios

how are changes in speech in someone with dysarthria assessed using acoustic measures?

omission of consonants, potential substitutions of consonants, neutralized vowels, inappropriate stress or atypical intonational patterns

what are the characteristics of deaf speech?

Productive knowledge

the client has awareness of the mistake they are making and they are making an attempt to correct it

we can see that there is some attempt to change the production because the acoustics have changed

can we measure productive knowledge acoustically?

inability to close the velopharyngeal port

what is the primary cause of articulation errors associated with cleft palate?

misarticulation of sounds that require a buildup of oral pressure

what are the common errors seen with cleft palate?

laryngeal skeleton, laryngeal joints, soft tissue folds, intrinsic/extrinsic membranes, intrinsic/extrinsic muscles

what are the general parts of the larynx?

aryepiglottic folds

most superior of the folds; fun from epiglottis to the apex of each arytenoid cartilage; these folds close the larynx during swallowing

false vocal folds

inferior to aryepiglottic folds; superior to true vocal folds; have limited movement but they do close during swallowing and with effortful activity and with some disorders

true vocal folds

primary function is to sustain life; protect the airway; secondary function is communication; also have a role in phonation

the glottis is closed, subglottal air pressure is increased, forces the vocal folds apart, vocal folds adduct due to elasticity and the bernoulli principle

how do we phonate?

the bernoulli principle

happens when air passes through a channel; increases velocity and decreases pressure, with a decrease in pressure, objects want to move toward the area of low pressure

tense vocal quality

hyperadducted vocal folds

breathy and noisy vocal quality

hypoadducted vocal folds

hyper/hyponasal

too much/too little velopharyngeal closure

clear quality, appropriate pitch and loudness, voice is produced without strain, effort, pain, or fatigue and is satisfactory to the speaker in terms of their occupational, social, and emotional needs

what are the broad characteristics of the normal voice?

maximum frequency range, speaking fundamental frequency, maximum phonation time, minimum-maximum intensity, average amplitude level, amplitude variabilty, dynamic range, voice range, jitter, shimmer, noise measures

what are acoustic measures of the normal voice?

Maximum Frequency Range

adults: 2-3 octaves; 150-600Hz

Maximum phonation time

adults: 20-25 seconds; children: 10 seconds

minimum-maximum intensity

should differ by 20-30dB

Jitter

.2-1% variation is considered normal

shimmer

provides a starting point and means for assessing progress
strengthens clinician accountability
can be used for feedback during therapy
determines the effectiveness of techniques
can detect early changes that cannot be heard perceptually
can help validate perceptual judgements

what are advantages to using acoustic measures of phonatory function?

ALS

increase in jitter, reduced phonational frequency range, abnormal fundamental frequency, reduced loudness, some changes are detected before they can be heard perceptually

Parkinson's Disease

higher fundamental frequency, increase in jitter, a low intensity level, poor frequency variability, and decreased dynamic range

Unilateral Vocal Fold paralysis/paresis

increase in jitter, noise to harmonic ratios that we look at to measure noise in the voice will be impacted, we will see more noise in the voice

Spasmodic Dysphonia

strained/strangled quality to the voice

Paradoxical Vocal Fold Motion

stridor, dyspnea

Muscle Tension Dysphonia

rigidity - too much tension