Tectonics case studies/ Volcanoes

Death and injury toll for E-15 2010

0 deaths, 0 injuries

Damages/flight problems due to E-15 2010

Airlines lost 130 million each day. Total estimated damages at around 1.7 billion.

Civil aviation authorities shut down the European airspace for 5 DAYS due to fears of ash causing engine failure.

Over 100,000 flights cancelled

Facts about E-15 2010 (THE HAZARD ITSELF)

Plate boundary: Constructive

Volcano type: stratovolcano

Eruption type: explosive

VEI: At first it was 1 but it later rose to around 3-4

Volcano was covered by an ice cap, causing a jokulhaulp.

Some Magma from previous eruption in 1821 left behind so more ash produced.

What hazards were associated with the E-15 eruption in 2010?

Jokulhaulps, toxic gases, ash clouds, lava, tephra,

(very runny lava as it had basaltic and andesitic)

lahars went into local rivers causing the water to become poisoned but it also raised channel beds leading to an increased risk of flooding.

Impacts of the E-15 2010 eruption

Flooding due to jokulhaulp lead to 800 people nearby being evacuated

Farming disrupted as animals kept indoors while some animals died, poisoned water, crops smothered by ash

Decline in air quality due to heavy ash fall on 7-8th may.

Airline issues (see airline slides)

Spike in tourism as people wanted to see the eruption. By the end of march 10,000 people visited it.

Management of the E-15 2010 eruption

Government evacuated 800 people due to flooding

Civil aviation authorities shut down the airspace for 5 days

Government advised vulnerable people especially those with respiratory issues to stay indoors due to the toxic ash, farmers advised to keep animals indoors.

What are some facts about Nyiragongo 2021 (THE HAZARD ITSELF)

Plate boundary: Destructive

Eruption type: Effusive

VEI:2

volcano 10 km from city of Goma.

What are some hazards from Nyiragongo 2021?

-Fast moving flow of lava toward a city of 1 million people (40mph)

-Earthquakes

-Toxic gases

-lava had a steep slope to go down, increased it's speed towards the city

-Magma creates carbon dioxide and pollutes water, sinking into low lying areas suffocating people.

What are some impacts from Nyiragongo 2021?

-Homes destroyed, mainly the large squatter settlements made near the volcanic slope which were made out of sheet metal and wood.

-DRC is a war torn country so residents built on land as they were fleeing

-Damage costs of 1 billion USD

25,000 people had their water access cut off.

Death,displacement and destruction toll from Nyiragongo 2021.

32 deaths, 400,000 people displaced, around 3,600 houses destroyed

Management of Nyiragongo 2021

- No warning signs from the volcano prior to eruption

- Scientists are trying to find more info on eruption risks

-Improved early warning systems allowed for quick communication

-Rapid evacuation efforts, 400,000 people evacuated quickly

- Education programmes in Goma raised awareness of volcanic hazards and evac routes.

What are some facts about the Volcan de Fuego eruption in Guatemala in 2018? (HAZARDS)

Plate boundary: Destructive

VEI: 3

Eruption type: Explosive due to destructive boundary and viscous lava.

Villages situated at the bottom of the volcanic slope.

What were some of the hazards associated with the Fuego eruption 2018?

Pyroclastic flow, ashfall, lava, explosive eruption

What was the death, evacuation and affected toll of fuego?

425 confirmed deaths, many more missing

3000 evacuated

1.7 mil affected

What was the damage cost of fuego?

200 million USD

Management of Fuego, 2018.

Inadequate EAS systems, late evacuation notices

PEOPLE IN RURAL AREAS NOT NOTIFIED

Low levels of public hazard education

Poorly maintained evacuation routes

lack of resources, response teams ill equipped so they had to rely on foreign aid to deal with the aftermath.

Iceland Jan 2023

Over Jan 2023, multiple fissures opened spewing lava nearby the town, one of these fissures killed a man

death toll:1

Walls built to prevent the lava from flowing into the town but this failed when another fissure opened inside the town, destroying houses.