Genetics Exams 4

Cluster of genes transcribed together under the control of a singular promoter 

Operon 

An amino acid that stops the process to conserve energy

Tryptophan

Defaults to “on” which means it is active

Tryptophan operon

Tryptophan activates the ________ which binds to the operon to _____ RNA pulmonarias

repressor, blocks

composed of two simple sugars and is used for lactose

lac operon

When the cell has high glucose and low lactose, repressor is ______ CAP is ______ and transcription is ______

active, inactive, none

When the cell has high glucose and high lactose, repressor is ______ CAP is ______ and transcription is ______

Inactive, inactive, low

When the cell has low glucose and high lactose, repressor is ______ CAP is ______ and transcription is ______

inactive, active, high

When the cell has low glucose and low lactose, repressor is ______ CAP is ______ and transcription is ______

cell is dead

Cells prefer to use _______ because less energy is expended

glucose

activator protein that binds with the cAMP to become active

CAP

tends to build up as glucose is scarce, binds with CAP to bind to the promotor

cAMP

Operon function happens in

prokaryotes

In Eukaryotes gene expression happens in _______ or ________ because 

transcription, translation, they are separate

makes the chromatin lose and promotes transcription

Acetylation

makes the chromatin tight which inhibits transcription

Methylation, chromatin are unavailable

miRNA regulates gene expression by

degrading before translation

Bicoid is higher in concentration at the _______ so when it is removed the larvae develops two ____

head, butts

Lactose binds to the _______ and ______ transcription

repressor, increases

how can humans have the same number of genes as nematodes 

Alternative splicing of introns 

Active proteins bind to this to enhance DNA

Distal control element, all three are known as enhancer

A ___ _____ _______ brings the activators close to the promoter

DNA bending protein

The activators bind to certain _______ ______ and general transcription factors help them form an active _______ ______ _______

mediator proteins, transcription initiation complex

Cells at the bottom of an early embryo are releasing ______ _______ that attach to signaling receptor to tell the cell to change their _____ _______ based on where they are in the embryo

signaling molecules, gene expression

Signals from other cells lead to activation of the master regulatory gene

determination

Master regulatory gene called MyoD protein stimulates the gene further and activates muscle-specific transcription

differentiation

genes at a high risk of mutating into cancer cells

proto-oncogenes

Genes with rapid growth without a growth factor, an out-of-control cell cycle

oncogenes

a group of related genes that specify regions of the body plan of an embryo

super tiny and is only “alive” when in host cell

Virus

All viruses are made of what two things for sure and sometimes _______

For sure, the genome and protein capsid sometimes lipid envelope

this has a large number of protein but little diversity, protein shell enclosing the genome

capsid 

viruses host is determined by the cell _______

receptors

How were viruses discovered

Sap from a plant with “spot disease” could infect other plants, despite being run through a filter small enough to exclude bacteria

Smallest viral genomes have only _____ genes and the largest can have about ____

three, 1,000

Viral envelopes made of ___________ and membrane proteins may surround the capsid in some lineages

phospholipids

infects ectothermic vertebrates and is a systemic infection with lots of different cells

Rona virus 

how are the human HIVs related to each other vs SIVS

HIV 1 and 2 are more closely related to their SIV origins then each other 

What condition enabled HIV to occur

Use on unsterile needles for vaccines, an increase in sex work, travel

how dose HIV replicate ( what is its Baltimore classification)

Class 6 or VI RNA+ but goes through reverse transcription

why does HIV reduce T cell count

Progressive loss of CD4+ T cells weakens the immune system

What is the most efficient transmission route for HIV

Blood to blood