Cells/Metabolism Exam 2

What cellular functions are provided by the cytoskeleton?

cellular movement

cellular structure

what are microtubules?

globular proteins

composed of heterogeneous protein subunits

largest cytoskeleton subtype

what are microfilaments?

smallest cytoskeleton subtype

globular proteins

composed of homogeneous protein subunits

what are intermediate filaments?

composed of many types of proteins

fibrous proteins

what is true of microtubule phase A?

rescue

GTP- associated

growth phase

what is true of microtubule phase B?

catastrophe

GDP-associated

shrinkage phase

microfilaments

supports microvilli of enterocytes

intermediate filaments

holds organelles in place

microtubules

highway for neurotransmitter-containing vesicles in neurons

Terms related to the roles of microtubules in cellular motility

dynein

centrioles

cilia

terms related to microfilaments role in cellular motility

myosin

sarcomeres

pseudopods

which cellular structures are linked together across cells by the extracellular matrix?

cytoskeleton

cell membrane

glycoprotein

protein-carbohydrate macromolecule with more protein monomers than carbohydrate

proteoglycan

protein-carbohydrate macromolecule with more carbohydrate monomers than protein

integral protein

protein embedded in the cell membrane

peripheral protein

protein associated with the edge of the cell membrane

transporter

protein that facilitates movement of mlcls across the cell membrane

Which of the following terms is associated with the MAJOR glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix?

collagen

fibrous protein

glycine

fibroblasts

what protein accounts for nearly 40% of mammalian protein

collagen

proteoglycans

provides function in the extracellular matrix

glycoproteins

provides structure to the extracellular matrix

fibronectin

anchors collagen to integral proteins

integrin

anchors peripheral proteins to the cytoskeleton

Properties of tight junctions?

water tight

integral proteins

interact with microfilaments

properties of desmosomes

not water tight

interact with intermediate filaments

integral proteins

catabolic

metabolic pathway in which degradation of molecules occurs

amphibolic

metabolic pathway in which both degradation and synthesis occur

anabolic

metabolic pathway in which synthesis of molecules occurs

what is A?

intermembrane space

what is B?

mitochondrial matrix

what is C?

inner membrane

what is D?

outer membrane

examples of REDUCED reducing equivalents

NADH

FADH2

examples of anabolic pathways?

glycogenesis

gluconeogenesis

what enzyme determines whether glucose liberated from glycogen enters circulation to supply other organs or enters glycolysis?

glucose-6-phosphatase

what enzyme adds the second phosphate group to what used to be glucose, committing it to glycolysis?

phosphofructokinase

what enzyme in glycolysis produces reducing equivalents(NADH) that can be utilized in the electron transport chain?

triose phosphate dehydrogenase

which nucleotide triphosphate is involved in glycogenesis?

UTP

what type of cells do not rely on the oxidation of glucose to derive most of their energy?

hepatocytes

examples of gluconeogenic metabolites?

lactate( from glucose metabolism)

glycerol(from triglycerides)

propionate(a 3-carbon fatty acid)

what type of reaction does the enzyme kinase perform?

move phosphate groups to and from high energy mlcls

What is the net ATP yield from one round of glycolysis?

2

how does phosphorylation of glucose-6-phosphate keep glucose from leaving the cell?

G6P can no longer be transported by glucose transporters

what compound if formed via substrate-level phosphorylation?

ATP

possible products of pyruvate

glucose

lactate

acetyl-CoA

production of which metabolite from pyruvate is the most important to allowing glycolysis to continue?

NAD+

what is a product of oxidation reactions in the TCA cycle?

FADH2

what is a reactant of condensation reactions in TCA?

water

what is a product of substrate level phosphorylation reactions in TCA?

GTP

what is a product of isomerization reactions in TCA?

a product with the same chemical formula as the reactant

what metabolite entering the TCA cycle is the product of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism?

acetyl-CoA

in what complex of the ETC does NADH enter

complex I

in what complex of the ETC does cytochrome C enter

complex IV

in what complex of the ETC does coenzyme Q enter

complex III

in what complex of the ETC does FADH2 enter

complex II

how many electrons are pumped into the mitochondrial membrane space in complex I of ETC?

4 electrons

how many electrons are pumped into the mitochondrial membrane space in complex II of ETC?

0 electrons

how many electrons are pumped into the mitochondrial membrane space in complex III of ETC?

4 electrons

how many electrons are pumped into the mitochondrial membrane space in complex IV of ETC?

2 electrons

what helps facilitate the transfer of electrons between complex I and complex III via Coenzyme Q?

complex I and III can associate in lipid rafts

coenzyme Q is hydrophobic

if glucose goes though glycolysis and one mlcl of pyruvate enters the TCA while the other is converted to lactate, how many net ATP equivalents will be produced by the end of ETC?

17

hydrolysis

water reacts with a larger mlcl to break it down

transamination

movement of amine groups

methylation

movement of methyl groups

oxidation

removal of electrons from the target compound

what amino acid does 3-phosphoglycerate react with?

serine

what amino acid does alpha-ketoglutarate react with?

glutamine

what amino acid does phosphoenolpyruvate + erythrose-4-phosphate react with?

phenylalanine

what amino acid does pyruvate react with?

alanine

what amino acid does oxaloacetate react with?

asparate

what amino acid does ribose-5-phosphate react with?

histidine

what amino acids contribute to nitrogen catabolism(urea cycle)?

aspartate

arginine

what amino acids contribute to methylation(urea cycle)?

cysteine

methionine

serine

where does the urea cycle take place?

mitochondria

cytosol

what energy-yielding metabolite can alpha-ketoglutarate be transformed into?

glutamate

what energy-yielding metabolite can leucine be transformed into?

acetyl-CoA

what energy-yielding metabolite can methionine be transformed into?

succinyl-CoA

what energy-yielding metabolite can cysteine be transformed into?

pyruvate

what energy-yielding metabolite can phenylalanine be transformed into?

fumarate

what energy-yielding metabolite can asparagine be transformed into?

oxaloacetate

which metabolites connect the urea cycle and the TCA cycle?

fumarate

aspartate

what are the reactants of Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase?

fatty acyl-CoA

FAD

what are the reactants of acetyl transferase?

acetyl-CoA

Acyl carrier protein

what are the reactants of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase?

acetyl-CoA

bicarbonate

ATP

what are the reactants of MAG lipase?

monoacylglycerol

what are the reactants of acyl-CoA synthetase?

fatty acid

ATP

CoA

what are the reactants of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase I?

fatty acyl-CoA

carnitine

what are the products of MAG lipase?

fatty acid

glycerol

what are the products of acyl-CoA synthetase?

fatty acyl-CoA

AMP

diphosphate

what are the products of acetyl transferase?

acetyl-CoA

acyl carrier protein

what are the products of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase I?

acylcarnitine

CoA

what are the products of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase?

trans unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA

FADH2

what are the products of acetyl-CoA carboxylase?

malonyl-CoA

ADP

Phosphate

H+

thiolase can be involved in both beta oxidation and ketogenesis?

true

How much ATP must be invested to get a diacylglycerol into fatty acid catabolism?

2

How many ATP equivalents would be produced from a diacylglycerol composed of glycerol and two molecules of palmitate (16 carbon fatty acid)? Assume that lipids complete beta-oxidation, all metabolites produced enter the TCA cycle, and all reducing equivalents produced enter the electron transport chain.

232.5

addition of each malonyl-CoA to the growing fatty acid in fatty acid synthesis requires how many ATP equivalents?

3

which enzymes perform their reactions in the cytosol?

MAG Lipase

Acyl-CoA synthetase

Acyl-CoA carboxylase

what enzymes perform their reactions in the mitochondria?

carnitine palmitoyl-transferase I

Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

thiolase

what are hormones?

signaling mlcls that are produced in one part of the body, act in another to stimulate a reaction