Biotech Cellular Biology

What characteristics determine life?

Growth, reproduction, response to stimulus, breakdown food molecules, production of waste products, composed of cells (can be unicellular or multicellular)

What is the same about prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

both are cells, have DNA, Have at least 1 chromosome, have a cell membrane, have a cell wall (except animal), ribosomes, cytoplasm.

How do you calculate total magnification?

Multiply objective by the power of the eyepiece

What is the scanning objective?

4x

What is the low power objective?

10x

What is the high power objective?

40x

What is the immersion oil objective?

100X

How to properly use a microscope

Always start on 4x objective
Coarse THEN fine focus
New objective
Never use coarse focus after 4x just fine focus

How do you carry a microscope?

Hand on arm, Hand on base

Cell Membrane

The membrane that separates the inside of the cell from the rest of its environment, made of 2 layers of lipids.

Characteristics of prokaryotic cells?

no nucleus (DNA in cytoplasm), 1 chromosome, circular chromosomes, no organelles, evolved 1st, only unicellular, ex. Bacteria

Characteristics of eukaryotic cells?

has a nucleus, many chromosomes, linear chromosomes, organelles, unicellular OR multicellular, ex. Fungi, protists, plants, animals

Cytology

study of cells

Cell wall

provides a rigid structural support around the cell membrane

Nucleus

control center, the largest organelle in the cell, contains most of the DNA in the cell. Provides instructions for cellular functions

Golgi

sorts and ships the proteins produced in the ER. Very important in protein synthesis, wrong shipping of proteins can lead to certain functions in the cell stopping.

Smooth ER

network of membranes throughout the cytoplasm, no ribosomes, helps make lipids in cell. Helps process or detoxify harmful substances found in cell.

Rough ER

network of membranes throughout the cytoplasm, has ribosomes, where most protein synthesis occurs in the cell.

Chromosomes

long strands of DNA intertwined with protein molecules

cytoplasm

gel like liquid of thousands of molecules suspended in water outside the nucleus aka cytosol

cytoskeleton

a protein network in the cytoplasm that gives cells structural support.

Lysosomes

created by golgi, help breakdown large molecules into smaller pieces that the cell can use.

Ribosomes

found in cytoplasm or on rough ER, use a form DNA instructions to make proteins that the cel news, also makes proteins that can be exported from the cell for work in other parts of the organism.

Mitochondria

cell powerhouse, packages the energy of food into ATP molecules.

Interphase

1) cellular growth including synthesis of organelles and carrying out cellular processes (2) dna synthesis/ replication occurs, (3) rapis growth to prepare for division

M phase

nuclear division (meiosis, mitosis)

Mitosis

nucleus divides into 2 genetically identical nuclei; occurs for cellular growth and repair.

Meiosis

nucleus divides twice into 4 genetically different nuclei; occurs to create gametes.

Cytokinesis

cytoplasm divides

Cell Cycle

(1) interphase, (2) M phase - mitosis or meiosis, (3) cytokinesis

Immersion Oil

used on 100X objective, put on lens helps w/ refraction of light clarifies image

Field of view

how much of your specimen you will be able to see through the microscope, you see the most in smallest objective (4x)

Intracellular

inside the cell

Extracellular

outside the cell

Somatic cells =

body cells = diploid cells

Haploid cells=

Sex cell = egg/sperm= gametes

Prophase

when chromosomes pair up and spindle fibers form

Metaphase

spindle fibers attach to the chromosome and move them to the middle

Anaphase

Chromatids (chromosomes) move to opposite end of the cell

Telophase

2 new nuclei form

G0 =

nerve cells