US History 1 Fall Final Review - Causey

The Sherman Antitrust Act

A landmark legislation passed in 1890 that aimed to prevent monopolies and promote competition by prohibiting business practices that restrained trade.

Social Darwinism

A social theory that applied Darwin's ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest to human societies, often used to justify imperialism and social inequality.

Pullman Strike

A nationwide railroad strike in 1894 that began in the Pullman Company town, leading to a significant confrontation between labor and management, finally resulting in a federal intervention.

Andrew Carnegie

An industrialist and philanthropist who led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century and is known for his contributions to libraries and education.

Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

A federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry and prevent monopolistic practices by establishing the Interstate Commerce Commission.

Populism

A political movement that emerged in the late 19th century, representing the interests of farmers and laborers against the political elite.

Farmers' Dilemma

A situation faced by farmers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by falling crop prices, rising debts, and the struggle to maintain a livelihood.

Gilded Age Politics

A period in U.S. history (approximately 1870s to 1900) marked by political corruption, targeted voter suppression, and the influence of wealthy business interests in politics.

Gentlemen's Agreement

An informal agreement between the U.S. and Japan in 1907-1908 that restricted Japanese immigration in exchange for the U.S. agreeing to treat Japanese immigrants fairly.

Political Machines

Corrupt political organizations that controlled local governments in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, often through bribery and manipulation.

Social Gospel

A religious movement in the late 19th century that sought to apply Christian ethics to social problems, emphasizing social justice and care for the poor.

Settlement Movements

Reformist efforts in the late 19th and early 20th centuries aimed at improving the living conditions of the urban poor through community centers and social services.

Pendleton Civil Service Act

An 1883 law that established a merit-based system for federal employment, reducing patronage and corruption.

Urbanization

The process by which rural areas transform into urban areas, often accompanied by industrialization and population growth.

Niagara Movement

A group of African American activists founded in 1905 that focused on civil rights and opposed Booker T. Washington's accommodationist stance.

Plessy v. Ferguson

An 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation under the doctrine of 'separate but equal.'

Reasons for Imperialism

Economic, political, and cultural motivations for the expansion of a nation's influence and control over other territories, including trade opportunities and national prestige.

Results of the Spanish-American War

The U.S. emerged as a world power, acquiring territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, which sparked debates over imperialism.

Open Door Policy

A U.S. foreign policy aimed at ensuring equal trading rights for all nations in China and maintaining China's territorial integrity.

The Roosevelt Corollary

An extension of the Monroe Doctrine articulated by President Teddy Roosevelt in 1904, asserting the U.S. right to intervene in Latin America to maintain stability.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

A U.S. naval officer and historian whose ideas on sea power influenced naval policies and imperial ambitions in the late 19th century.

Anti-Imperialist Arguments

Arguments against imperialism, emphasizing the values of self-determination, anti-colonialism, and the moral implications of control over foreign lands.

Progressive Goals

A series of reform movements in the early 20th century aimed at addressing issues caused by industrialization, urbanization, and corruption in politics.

Theodore Roosevelt Presidency

Marked by progressive reforms, trust-busting, conservation efforts, and a strong foreign policy, Roosevelt expanded the role of the federal government.

The Election of 1912

A significant presidential election where Theodore Roosevelt ran as a third-party candidate, splitting the Republican vote and allowing Democrat Woodrow Wilson to win.

The End of Progressivism

The decline of the Progressive Era following World War I, as priorities shifted away from domestic reforms to international concerns.

Muckrakers

Journalists in the early 20th century who exposed corruption, inequality, and social injustices, driving public demand for reform.

Why the USA Joined WW1

The U.S. entered World War I in 1917 primarily due to unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany and the Zimmerman Telegram.

War Industries Board

A federal agency established during WWI to coordinate the production of war materials and oversee the conversion of factories to wartime production.

The Great Migration

The movement of over a million African Americans from the rural South to urban areas in the North between 1916 and 1970, driven by economic opportunities and escaping segregation.

Espionage Act

A law enacted in 1917 that imposed penalties for anti-war activities and allowed the government to censure dissent during World War I.

Sedition Act

An extension of the Espionage Act, passed in 1918, which made it illegal to criticize the U.S. government or its war efforts.

Why the USA Stayed Out of the League of Nations

The U.S. Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, fearing entanglement in foreign conflicts and loss of congressional war powers.

Marcus Garvey

An African American leader in the early 20th century who advocated for black nationalism and led the Universal Negro Improvement Association.

Scopes Trial

A 1925 legal case in Tennessee that debated the legality of teaching evolution in schools, highlighting the clash between science and religion.

Installment Plans

Financial arrangements that allow consumers to purchase goods through scheduled payments, becoming popular in the 1920s.

Flappers

Young women in the 1920s who embraced new fashions and social norms, symbolizing the cultural changes of the era.

Farmers' Plight of the 1920s

The struggles faced by farmers during the 1920s, including price drops, high debt levels, and overproduction leading to financial instability.

Normalcy

A term used by Warren G. Harding to describe a return to pre-WWI conditions and a focus on domestic issues in the 1920s.

The Red Scare of the 1920s

A period of intense fear of communism in the United States following WWI, leading to the suppression of political dissent.

The National Origins Act of 1924

An immigration law that established quotas based on national origin, sharply limiting immigration from southern and eastern Europe.

The Palmer Raids

A series of law enforcement actions conducted in 1919-1920 to capture, arrest, and deport suspected radicals during the Red Scare.

The Unsound Economy of the 1920s

A description of the prelude to the Great Depression, characterized by speculation, overleveraging, and a lack of regulation in the U.S. economy.

The Niagara Movement

Founded in 1905, this movement was called for to combat racial discrimination, promote civil rights, and advance educational opportunities for African Americans.

Progressive Goals

Aimed at addressing problems caused by industrialization and urbanization, including economic reform, social justice, and political accountability.

Legal rights issued in the Scopes Trial

The trial highlighted the conflict between academic freedom and religious fundamentalism, focusing on the legality of teaching evolution in public schools.

The Dust Bowl

A severe drought in the 1930s that caused extensive agricultural damage in the Great Plains, leading to mass displacement of farmers.

Main Focus of the New Deal

Focus on economic recovery, job creation, and social welfare programs to address the Great Depression.

Causes of the Great Depression

Factors included stock market crash, bank failures, reduced consumer spending, and international economic instability.

Problems with Prohibition

Led to illegal speakeasies, organized crime, and widespread disregard for the law, ultimately deemed ineffective.

Changes for Women in the 1920s

Women gained more freedoms, such as voting rights and a more pronounced role in the workforce, as well as cultural shifts.

The Volstead Act

The Act of 1919 that provided for the enforcement of Prohibition, defining intoxicating liquors.

Schenck v. United States

A 1919 Supreme Court case establishing that freedom of speech can be limited during wartime if it poses a clear and present danger.

CPI and Propaganda

The Committee on Public Information was created during WWI to promote war efforts and shape public opinion through propaganda.

M.A.I.N Causes of WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism were the primary factors leading to World War I.

The Zimmerman Note

A secret diplomatic proposal from Germany to Mexico in 1917, promising to support Mexican claims to U.S. territory in exchange for alliance.

Gavrilo Princip and the Black Hand

Princip was a member of the nationalist group Black Hand, responsible for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, igniting WWI.

American Isolationism

A policy of avoiding involvement in foreign conflicts and affairs, particularly prominent in the interwar period.

Yellow Journalism: Hearst and Pulitzer

Sensationalist news reporting by Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst that swayed public opinion toward war with Spain.

Causes of the Spanish-American War

Causes included the sinking of USS Maine, Cuban independence movement, and sensationalistic journalism.

The Spanish-American War

A conflict in 1898 between the U.S. and Spain, resulting in the U.S. acquiring territories like Puerto Rico and the Philippines.

'Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick'

A phrase by Theodore Roosevelt advocating for a strong military and a cautious approach in foreign affairs.

Imperialism

The policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, military force, or other means.

Upton Sinclair

An author known for his novel 'The Jungle,' which exposed conditions in the meatpacking industry and prompted food safety reforms.

Florence Kelley

A social and political reformer who advocated for labor rights, women's rights, and the abolition of child labor.

The 17th Amendment

An amendment ratified in 1913 that established the direct election of U.S. senators by popular vote.

Progressive Goals

Aimed at addressing issues such as economic inequality, political corruption, and social welfare.

The Hepburn Act

A 1906 law that strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission's ability to regulate railroad rates.

Sears Roebuck Catalog

A mail-order catalog from the late 19th and early 20th centuries that revolutionized shopping for rural Americans.

Ethnic Islands

Communities formed by immigrants that maintained their cultural identities in new environments.

Old vs New Immigrants

Old immigrants (from Northern and Western Europe) differed from new immigrants (from Southern and Eastern Europe) in cultural and social norms.

'Boss' Tweed

A notorious New York City politician known for his corrupt political practices in the 1860s and 1870s.

Ellis Island, NY

The primary entry point for immigrants arriving in the U.S. from 1892 to 1954, processing millions of newcomers.

The Fight Over Child Labor

A significant issue in the early 20th century, leading to reforms aimed at reducing child labor and ensuring education.

Jacob Riis

A journalist and social reformer known for his work on urban poverty and his book 'How the Other Half Lives.'

Skyscrapers

Tall buildings made possible by steel frames and elevators, symbolizing urban growth in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Chinese Exclusion Act

A federal law enacted in 1882 that prohibited immigration from China, reflecting racial discrimination.

The Homestead Act

A 1862 law that encouraged western migration by providing settlers with land in exchange for a small fee and commitment to improve it.

The Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

Legislation aiming to assimilate Native Americans by allotting them individual plots of land and promoting agriculture.

Reasons to 'Head West'

Factors like opportunity for land ownership, economic prospects, and the promise of a better life motivated westward expansion.

Government Aid of Railroads

Federal support in the form of land grants and loans to help finance the construction of transcontinental railroads.

The New Deal's End

The decline of New Deal policies was influenced by numerous factors, including World War II and changing political priorities.

Huey Long

Louisiana politician known for his populist policies and opposition to the New Deal, advocating for wealth redistribution.

The Banking Crisis

A critical event during the Great Depression that saw numerous bank failures, leading to widespread economic turmoil.

Harding's Scandals

Corruption and scandals during Warren G. Harding's presidency, notably the Teapot Dome scandal.

Hoover's Image

Herbert Hoover's reputation suffered during the Great Depression due to perceived inaction and failure to address economic collapse.

Opposition to the New Deal

Critics from various sides, including conservatives and some progressives, argued against the New Deal as too radical or insufficient.

The Election of 1932

A significant election where Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Herbert Hoover, marking a shift towards New Deal policies.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in 1914 sparked the outbreak of World War I.

Black Hand

A secret nationalist organization based in Serbia that was responsible for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

The event on June 28, 1914, that triggered World War I, as it intensified existing tensions in Europe.

Gavrilo Princip

The member of the Black Hand who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie.

What the Niagara Movement of 1905 called for

The Niagara Movement called for civil rights, including the end of racial discrimination, full citizenship for African Americans, and the right to vote.

Fundamental disagreement in the 1932 election

The fundamental disagreement concerned whether to continue Hoover's policies of limited government intervention in the economy or to adopt Roosevelt's more active approach of government assistance and reforms to

The Progressive Era regarded all of the following as worthy except

The Progressive Era generally did not focus on the interests of the wealthy elite, instead prioritizing reforms for labor rights, social justice, and economic inequality.

Which was an episode connected with the Red Scare?

d. All of the above (the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti, the Seattle general strike, the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia)

The Ku Klux Klan was

c. anti-foreign, anti-liberal, and anti-modern.

A black leader who stirred the imaginations of impoverished blacks in urban slums by offering a return to African heritage was

a. Marcus Garvey.

Under the Four-Power Treaty at the Washington Conference, the U.S., Great Britain, France, and Japan agreed to

c. respect one another's Pacific holdings.

The use of mass production, standardized parts, and a nationwide market for goods

a. tended to favor big business over small.