AP Human Geo Vocab - 2

development

the growth/advancement of different countries. Variations in development on different scales: global, regional, & local

fertility rate

calculation of the average number of children a woman has (15-49)

gross domestic product (GDP)

the overall amount of goods & services produced in a country in 1 year

gross national product (GNP)

the value of goods, services, & foreign investments in a given year

gross national income (GNI)

most accurate measurement of national wealth because it factors in the impacts of global trade.

infant mortality rate

number of deaths of infants under the age of on in a given year per 1,000 live births

life expectancy

average number of years someone is expected to live based on mortality rates when they were born

per capita

per person

purchasing power parity (ppp)

compares currencies by measuring how much the same basket of goods costs in different countries.

human development index (HDI)

a metric used to assess & compare global development levels. summary measure used to rank countries by their overall level of social economic development

core countries

dominant, wealthy, countries that are the center of the global economics system

environmental determinism

The idea that human behavior is determined by the environment

formal sector

regulated - monitored by the government, adheres to legal/tax frameworks.

higher wages, safety benefits, & legal protections

roles: corporate & banking jobs

globalization

the idea that the world is shrinking: connections are closer than ever

accelerated exchange: sharing ideas, innovations, and objects faster

informal sector

unregulated jobs outside of tax & regulations

vulnerable: low wages & 0 benefits

roles: street vendors, daily labor

land use

describes how humans adapt, manage, and modify the physical earth for economic, social, and cultural purposes

natural resources

materials/substances found in nature that humans use for survival, economic activity, and daily life

nonrenewable resources

resources we only have so much of - it cannot be replenished fast enough to keep up with human consumption

renewable resources

natural resources that can replenish itself at a rate comparable to human consumption

primary sector

working with raw materials

agriculture, gathering industries, extractive industries

secondary sector

manufacturing: doing something WITH the raw materials

manufacturing, processing, construction

tertiary sector

paying someone to do something that you don’t want to do

retail & wholesale, trade, personal & professional services

quaternary sector

research

cybersecurity, scientists, researchers, management

quinary sector

high level decision making

CEO, politician

possibilism

belief that the environment has challenges bu humans adapt

sustainability

how we use resources as we move forward (how to maintain what we have)

Core characteristics

economic & politically dominant

strong military & allies

highly interconnected

control of global market

Semi-Periphery characteristics

active in manufacturing & exporting

better infrastructure than periphery

in the process of industrialization

Periphery characteristics

often have unstable governments

less wealth & education

exports raw resources to C & SP

low skill, low wages, labor intensive