Memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval

What is memory?

Persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of info

What are the 3 steps to information processing model?

Step 1: encoding, Step 2: storage, Step 3: Retrieval

What is the three stage memory model?

3 storage bins hold and process information

What is automatic processing? (Think about remembering an umbrella after all day)

Unconscious encoding of incidental and well-learned information

What is effortful processing? (Think of studying)

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

What is the next-in-line effect?

When going thru a line, poorest memory is for what is said right before you (too busy thinking of what ur gonna say, you don’t realize what the person before you said)

What is the spacing effect?

Better learning when rehearsed over time, not all at once

What is the serial position effect?

Remembering the last and first items better than those in the middle

What ways can you encode verbal information?

Visual (encoding in pics), Acoustic (encoding in sound), Semantic encoding (encoding the meaning)

Which is the best way to encode memory?

Semantic

What is chunking?

Organize items into familiar, manageable, and meaningful, units (often comes automatically)

What is sensory memory and its capacity?

First memory stage that holds sensory info, capacity more than we think + duration tenths of second to 2-4 sec

What is working/short-term memory?

Info that can stay in short term memory as long as we continue to rehearse it, capacity 7-+2 bits of info + duration as long as we want if rehearsed (up to 30 sec if no rehearsed)

What is long-term memory and capacity?

Capacity is limitless, average adult can carry about billions of bits of info + duration is relatively permanent

What is explicit memory?

Purposeful, conscious recall, includes semantic memory (facts - 12 months in a year) and episodic memory (personal experiences - high school grad)

What is a recall?

Measure of memory, ability to retrieve info not in conscious awareness (not aware)

What is implicit memory?

Automatic, without conscious recall, includes procedural memory (motor skills - brushing your teeth) and classically condition memory (conditioned responses - phobias)

What are retrieval cues?

Points you can refer to when you want to retrieve info, takes or hints for target info