Bio: Dive In

Terms used throughout dive in bio

Life

Something that requires energy and nutrients, uses DNA to drive growth, development, and reproduction, uses homeostasis, and is cellular.

Building blocks of life

Things like Molecules(Like the four building blocks), cells, atoms, and elements.

Atomic Numbers

Number of proteins in an atom

Mass number

The number of protons and neutrons.

Ions

When the number of electrons changes in an atom, it becomes an ion. Ions have negative or positive charges

Electrons

Very small, occupies different orbitals shown as rings for an atom.

Valance electrons

If the outermost ring of electrons isn’t filled, then they have valance electrons

Atom Vacanies

When the outer shell has room for another electron. It gets rid of the outer shell. When it does, the second most outer shell becomes the outer shell.

Ionic bond

Its a bond between two ions. The ions may stay together by mutual attraction of their opposite charges. They still retain their respective charge.

Electronegativity

A measure of an atom’s ability to pull electrons away from another atom, and it depends on the atom’s size, its number of vacancies, and its interactions with other atoms. The more protons it has, the greater the pull.

Atom

The smallest building block of life. It’s made of protons, electrons, and neutrons.

Covalent Bonds

Two atoms share a pair of electrons, which allows an atom to fill its vacancies. It may be stronger than ionic bonds, which depends on how many pairs of electrons they share. They can share two or even 3 pairs.

The four building blocks of matter

Proteins, Lipids (Fats), Carbohydrates (Sugars), and Nucleic Acids (DNA)

Carbohydrates

This is the most effective way to quickly energize the cell. It’s fastest in monomer form.

Proteins

They are the cellular machines and do most of the work in the cell. they preform the work needed to grow and reproduce. They do things like break down sugar.

Nucleic Acids

They make multiple bonds with different connections, which makes it the best macromolecule to store instructions for growing and reproducing. Its monomer is a nucleotide.

Lipids

They are the best macromolecule to form the cell membrane, as parts of them are hydrophobic and hydrophilic. They also store long-term energy. Unlike other macromolecules, they don’t have any monomers as they just clump together.

Hydrophilic

Mixes easily with water

Hydrophobic

Doesn’t mix with water

Diffusion

When a substance spreads out, it doesn’t release any energy

Substance

A group of the same type of molecule, it moves through a space from higher to lower concentration until it reaches an equilibrium.

Osmosis

The movement of water across the cell membrane, the direction and rate of it, depends on the relative solute concentration of the two fluids.

Hyportonic

The fluid with the lower solute concentration

Hypertonic

the fluid with the higher solute concentration.

Isotonic

When osmosis continues between the two fluids (the hypertonic and the hypotonic) until they have reached the same overall solute concentration

Cytoplasm

Fluid in a cell, it has things like proteins, salts, and sugars. its like corn syrup.

Concentration gradient

If one area has a high concentration, it will flow to an area of low concentration.

Chemical reaction

A chemical change in a substance or a molecular change. It changes the chemical structure by rearranging the atoms. They don’t break without at least a small input of energy. (Input activation energy)

Indicators include:

color change

steam/gas

bubbles

condensation

expansion of substance

Ph

Acid-base scale. It depends on how high or low the amount of hydrogen atoms is.

Acid

Is determined on how many hydrogen atoms are in there.

Chemical

A chemical is many atoms connected by bonds

Reactants

Molecules that enter a chemical reaction and become changed by it.

Product

Molecules that are produced by the chemical reaction.

Intermediate molecules

Molecules that may form between the reactants and the product.

Cellulose

Long chains of repeating glucose monomers.

Exergonic

releases a lot of energy

Catalzyst

Speeds up a chemical reaction

Enzymes

Regulatory molecules that make a reaction run fast but in a regulated way. Lower the activation energy curve and make a reaction happen faster. They can also break apart substrates, bring them together while blocking water from getting in between.

Substrate

What a enzyme binds with, it needs a specific enzyme with specific proteins to bond.

Active site

Where catlysis occurs. Enzymes act only on molecules that fit it’s site.

Trainsition State

When a molecule’s existing bond starts to break, new bonds start to form by lowering the activation energy of the reaction.

Hexoleinuse

An enzyme that catalyzes the first step in breaking down glucose, linearizase glucose faster/

Monomer

Smaller building block to connect together to build a macromolecule.

Regulating a reaction

Controling when/where/ how much a chemcial reaction happens.

Exergonic reactions

When the reactants have more energy than the product(s). A net release of energy.

Edergonic reaction

When the reactants have less energy than the product(s). It’s a net keep on energy.

Denaturing enzymes

Enzymes can be unfolded/denatured with heat or if their hydrogen bonds are broken (which is easy). When denatured, they loose their 3d shapes.

Amino Acids

The monomers for proteins. She has over 20 different types of amino acids. They are made with polar covalent bonds.

1st primary structure of enzymes

the sequence of Amino Acids in long linear chains (Like a long noodle)

Secondary structure of enzymes

Amino Acids start interacting with nearby amino acids to form shapes like: A-Helix (werid fish shape) and B-sheet (straight)

Tertiary structure of enzymes

A mix of secondary structures of enzymes. Made with a lot of polar covalent bonds (hydrogen bonds specifically)

Hydrogen Bonds

Temporary weak attraction between the slightly charged atoms participating in polar covalent bonds. Bonds Amino Acids that are near.

Inhibitors

Steric Inhibitors: They block the active site directly to stop enxymes from bonding with substrates.

Allusteric Inhibitors: They bind to the enzyme outside of the active site but, in doing so changes the enzymes shape so it cannot bind to substrates.