BIOL 227 Test II

Cytology

the study of cells

common shapes of cells

cube-like, spherical, column-like

cytosol, inclusions, and organelles

the three components of the cytoplasm

cell membrane

another name for plasma membrane

cytoplasm

general term for all cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

biconcave

shape of red blood cells

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

three components of most human body cells

nucleus

organelle that is the cell’s control center

columnar

shape of skeletal muscles

plasma membrane

forms the outer, limiting barrier separating the internal contents of the cell from the external environment

It is also called intracellular fluid

It contains many dissolved solutes

has high water content

contains proteins and carbohydrates

Characteristics of cytosol

cytosol

watery, syrup-like fluid of the cytoplasm

cholesterol molecules

four-ringed lipid molecules of the cell membrane

membrane-bound

cellular structures that are bound by a biological membrane

non-membrane-bound

organelles not filled with fluid and thus are not enclosed by a membrane

phospholipid bilayer

basic structure of the plasma membrane

glycolipids

a class of lipids containing carbohydrate residues

cholesterol, phospholipids, and glycolipids

three types of lipids which make up the plasma membrane

peripheral proteins

group of biologically active molecules formed from amino acids which interact with the surface of the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. Do not enter into the hydrophobic space within the cell membrane.

is not

the plasma membrane ___________ a rigid boundary

hydrophilic; hydrophobic

the “balloon-like head” of the phospholipids is _______ and the two “tails” are __________.

transport proteins

proteins that assist the movement of a substance across the cell membrane

integral proteins

embedded within and extend completely across the phospholipid bilayer

serve as enzymes

are attached loosely to the cell membrane

can “float” and move about the phospholipid bilayer

characteristics of peripheral proteins

carriers

channels

pumps

types of transport proteins

passive; active

the two major categories of membrane transport are _______ transport that requires no energy expenditure and ______ transport

passive transport

osmosis is a type of __________

transport protein

receptor

identity markers

enzymes

classified as plasma membrane proteins

osmosis

the net diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

a selectively permeable membrane

___________ is required for osmosis to occur

selectively permeable

cell membranes can regulate the transport of materials into and out of the cell, thus they are ____________

small and nonpolar solutes

move most easily across the phospholipid bilayer

water; solutes

osmosis is unique as it involves the movement of _________ and does not involve the movement of __________

osmotic pressure

the pressure exerted by the movement of water acress a semipermeable membrane

smaller; larger

in general, ______ molecules move across the plasma membrane readily, whereas ________ molecules need special transport systems to move them across the membrane

active transport

materials flow from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

passive transport

osmosis is a type of _________

ATP

primary energy source for active transport

electrochemical gradient

the gradient that is dependent on the combination of the electrical gradient and the chemical concentration gradient. Resting membrane potential

glycocalyx

immune system cells differentiate healthy versus unhealthy cells in the body by examining the _______________

K+ ions

cytosol close to the plasma membrane contains relatively more _________ than does the interstitial fluid that is close to the plasma membrane

Ligands

molecules release from one cell that bind to the receptor of another cell

Identical twins

an example of who might share the same pattern of sugars that extend from their cells in the form of a glycocalyx

resting membrane potential

the plasma membrane also functions in establishing and maintaining an electrochemical gradient at the plasma membrane called the __________

organelles

complex, organized structures inside cells that have unique characteristics and shapes

storage of proteins

formation of transport vesicles

production of proteins

functions of rough ER

autolysis

rapid digestion of a cell by its own lysosomes

smooth ER

the synthesis of steroid hormones occurs here

free ribosomes

ribosomes that are suspended in the cytosol and make proteins that function within the cell

proteasomes

the garbage deposals for unwanted and/or excess protein in a cell

golgi apparatus

the primary structure for the processing and packaging of proteins for transport out of the cell

synthesize proteins for export

synthesize integral proteins for the plasma membrane

synthesize proteins to serve as enzymes within the lysosomes

characteristics of Bound ribosomes

autopagy

process which lysosomes remove old organelles

flagellum

whip-like

tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions

three major types of membrane junctions

nuclear membrane

double membrane structure which encloses the nucleus

chromatin

finely filamented mass of DNA and protein

chromosomes

become visible only when the cell is dividing

nucleosome

DNA double helix wound around a cluster of histones

erythrocyte

cell type which contains no nucleus

translation

process in which a mRNA copy of a gene is read by ribosomes in the cytoplasm to produce a protein

Transcription

a DNA gene is read and copied to produce a newly formed strand of RNA

RNA polymerase builds an RNA copy of a DNA gene

During transcription _________

contains phospholipids

double membrane

controls the entry of substances into and out of the nucleus

continuous with the ER

characteristics of the nuclear envelope

messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA

three functional types of RNA produced during transcription

nucleus

organelle in which transcription takes place

ribonucleotides

DNA

RNA polymerase

required for transcription

somatic cells

cells in which mitosis occurs

chromosomes

when a cell is dividing, the DNA is tightly coiled as _______

daughter cells

cells that result when one cell divides

it directs the synthesis of proteins that carry out body functions

DNA is considered the boss of the cell because ___________

mitosis

cell division that takes place in somatic cells

anaphase

centromeres, that hold sister chromatid pairs, sperate

metaphase

microtubules from mitotic spindle attach to centromeres

prophase

nucleolus disappears

telophase

chromosomes arrive at poles

synthesis phase

phase in which replication of the DNA molecule during interphase

G1; S; G2

The three distinct phases of the interphase period of cell division are, in order of their occurrence, ______ phase, ______ phase, and ______ phase.

cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm

sister chromatids

duplicated chromosomes consists of these two identical structures

apoptosis

the process by which cells commit suicide

histology

the study of tissues and their relationships to organs

tightly

an epithelium is composed of _______ packed cells

extensive

epithelial tissues have ______ innervation

tissues

groups of similar cells and extracellular material that perform a common function

epithelial tissue

the majority of glands are composed of _______

high regenerative capacity

explains the ability of epithelial tissues to repair themselves

simple squamous

type of epithelium in the lining of the lung air sacks

ciliated simple columnar epithelium

type of epithelium know for its ability to move structures like the oocyte in a uterine tube

simple epithelium

found in areas where stress is minimal and where filtration, absorption, or secretion is the primary function

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

found in body openings like the oral cavity, vagina, and anus

keratinized stratified squamous

found in epidermis of skin

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

lines upper respiratory tract

transitional

found in lining of urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra

endothelium

the simple squamous epithelium that lines blood and lymphatic vessels

goblet cells

secretes mucin

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

type of epithelial tissue which makes up the lining of the larynx

microvilli

tiny, cytoplasmic projections on the apical surface of a cell that increase the surface area for secretion and absorption

exocrine

these glands have ducts and excrete their products onto the surface of the skin or into the lumen

support, protect, and bind organs

connective tissue is designed to ____________