PsyEl mod 4

Cognitivism

A learning theory that focuses on the inner mental activities – opening the 'black box' of the human mind.

Information Processing Model

A model in which learners receive, process, store, and retrieve information.

Schema

Mental structures that help organize and interpret information.

Metacognition

Awareness and understanding of one’s own thought processes.

Jean Piaget

A psychologist known for his work in stages of cognitive development.

Assimilation

Incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.

Accommodation

Modifying existing schemas to incorporate new experiences.

Equilibration

Balancing assimilation and accommodation to create a stable understanding.

Jerome Bruner

A psychologist who focused on learning as an active process.

Spiral Curriculum

A curriculum design that revisits basic ideas repeatedly to build understanding.

Discovery Learning

A learning approach where learners construct their own knowledge.

David Ausubel

A psychologist focused on meaningful learning.

Advance Organizers

Introductory material that links new information to existing knowledge.

Social Cognitive Theory

A theory explaining learning as a reciprocal interaction among behavior, cognitive factors, and environmental influences.

Triadic Reciprocal Causation Model

A model involving interaction between personal factors, behavior, and environmental factors.

Observational Learning (Modeling)

Learning that occurs by observing the behaviors of others.

Attention

The first process of observational learning: focusing on a model’s behavior.

Retention

The second process of observational learning: remembering the observed behavior.

Production

The third process of observational learning: performing the observed behavior.

Motivation

The fourth process of observational learning: having the desire to perform the behavior.

Self-Efficacy

The belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situations.

Self-Regulation

The ability to control one’s own behavior through self-observation, self-evaluation, and self-reaction.

Vicarious Reinforcement

Learning that occurs through the consequences others experience.

Delayed Imitation

Behaviors acquired through observation that manifest later.

Cognitive Modeling

An adult performs a task while verbalizing guiding instructions.

Overt, External Guidance

The child performs a task while listening to adult instructions.

Overt Self-Guidance

The child repeats instructions aloud while performing a task.

Faded, Overt Self-Guidance

The child whispers instructions while performing a task.

Self-Monitoring

The act of observing and assessing one’s own behavior.

Self-Reinforcement

The practice of rewarding oneself for desired behaviors.

Self-Imposed Stimulus Control

Seeking environments that support desired behaviors.

Reciprocal Causation

The mutual influence of environment and behavior on learning and self-efficacy.