PPL ground school

What things do you need to fly a solo?

Government ID

Pilot Certificate

Current Medical

Log Book

Rules for medicals when over 40 years old

1st class good for 6 calender months

2nd class good for 12 calender months

3rd glass good for 24 caldender months

Rules for medicals under 40 years old

1st- 12 months

2nd- 12 months

3rd- 60 months

What are the medical privileges for each class?

1st class- ATP privileges

2nd Class- Commercial Privileges

3rd Class- Everything Else

What can someone obtain if they have an expired medical or want to fly without a medical

Basic Med

What are the Limitations of Basic Med?

Cannot fly more than 7 People

Can only fly 6 passengers

Can not have a max takeoff weight greater than 12,500

Cannot fly more than 250 knots

What things must you comply with to keep basic med

Comply with basic med requirments

Complete an online course every 24 months

get a physical exam every 12 months with a state licensed physician

What are the 4 kinds of endorsments for a private pilot and what do they mean?

Complex- Has Flaps, A retractable landing gear, and a controlable pitch prop

High Performance- Hoursepower Greater than 200

High Alititude- Service ceiling above 25,000 ft MSL

Tailwheeel- Has a tailwheel

What acronym helps determaine if we are fit to fly or not?

IMSAFE

Illness- Are you sick?

Medication- Are you on any medication prohibited by the FAA

Stress- Dealing with Chronic Stress?

Alcohol- BAC over 0.04?

Fatigue- Did you get adequete sleep the night before?

Emotion- Emotions in check?

What are 5 hazardous atitudes

Macho- Show Off

Impulsivity- Act too Quickly

Resignation- Give Up

Anti Authority- Rules dont Apply

Invulrnabilty- It wont happen to me

What is the PIC

Pilot in Command

What are the limitations of a student pilot?

Cannot Carry Passengers

Must have proper endorsments

Cannot fly in IFR

Cannot fly for hire

Cannot fly in a Class B airspace without additional endorsements

Before starting your preflight what things should you do? (there is an Acronym)

NWKRAFT

Notams

Weather briefing

Known delays to ATC

Runway length

Alternate airports available

Fuel Requirements ( 30 day 45 night)

Takeoff and Landing data

What are the necessary airplane documents

Supplemental operating manuals

Placcards ( wirtten limitations)

Airworthiness certificate (never expires)

Registration ( Federal is every 7 years and state is every 2 years)

Restricted Radiotelephone operator permit

Operating Limitations

Weight and Balance

what are some maintnence inspections?

Advanced Directives and Service Bullitens

Annual inspections

VOR checks (Every 30 days but only for instrument flight)

100 hour (only for hire)

Altimeter (24 calendar months)

transponder (24 calendar months)

ELT (12 calendar months)

Static Pitot (24 calendar months)`

what is the rule about going over over the 100 hour check?

Legally you can only go 10 hours over the 100, and the number of hours over 100 will eat into the next 100 hours.

What is an airworthiness directive? What are the AD’s on the Cessna 172

A mandatory maitnence change sent out by the FAA. The seat Track and Ignition

What is a service bulletin?

A suggested maitnence change sent out by the aircraft manufacturer

What Is the required Equipment to fly VFR day? (91.205) (there is an acronym)

A TOMATO FLAMES

Airspeed Indicator

Tachometer

Oil Pressure Gauge

Manifold Pressure Gauge

Altimeter

Temperature Gauge

Fuel Gauge

Landing Gear Postition Indicator Light

Anti Collision Lights

Magnetic Compass

ELT ( Emergency locator transmitter)

Safety belts

Required Equipment to fly at night? (91.205)

A TOMATO FLAMES + FLAPS

Fuses

Landing lights

Anti collision lights

position lights

Source of electricity (alternator)

What should you do if something is inopperative?

Placcard it and record it in maitanence

What kind of engine is in the cessna 172?

LHAND

Lycoming (manufacturer)

Horizontally opposed ( has cylinders on opposite side of the engine)

Air Cooled (outuisde air is used to cool it)

Naturally Aspirated (uses air without a supercharger or turbocharger)

Direct Drive ( crankshaft is directly connected to the prop)

150hp at 2700 rpm

8 spark plugs

4 cylinders

What type of fuel system does the cessna 172 have

Gravity fed fuel system

Tanks are in the wings

the fuel used is 100 LL and the grade can be lower but not higher because of its volitility

Standard tanks hold 42 total (38 useable and 4 unusable)

What is the purpose of the alternator?

To charge the battery

what kind of carburator does the cessna 172 have? what is the carburator for?

Float Type Carburator, purpose is to mix air and fuel.

In what condtions can carb ice form?

a humidity greater than 80% and temperatures between 20 and 70 degrees F

What intruments are a part of the vaccum system?

Heading Indicator

Suction Gauge

Attitude Indicator

What makes up the Pitot/ static system?

Airpeed indicator

Altimeter

And Vertical Speed indicator

Static port

pitot tube

pitot heat

alternate static source

How does a blocked inlet hole on the pitot tube affect your instruments?

Airspeed Reads zero, Altimeter and VSI will work

If the inlet hole and drain hole on the pitot tube are both blocked what will happen to the airspeed indicator?

Airspeed will increase in a climb. and decrease in a descent

What happens if the static port is blocked and the pitot tube is open

Our airspeed will act drastically and the altimeter and VSI will appear frozen

What will the intruments read when using alternate air

Airspeed reads high

Altimeter reads high

VSI shows a momentary climb

Explain the cessna 172’s electrical system

1 12 volt battery

1 14 volt alternator

Ammeter shows whether the battery is receiving a charge or not ( alternator is working or not)

if the ammeter reads a negative charge what should the pilot do?

Load shed- Turn off all non essentials and limit remaining flight time to 30 mins

Explain the break system on the cessna 172

Hydrualic brake system

red fluid

each break is independent friom the other

what speed is 49mph

Landing stall speed

what is 57mph?

clean stall speed

what is 60mph

rotate speed

what is 65mph?

Best angle of climb

what is 80 mph?

best glide speed

what is 85 mph?

Best rate of climb

what is 100 mph?

flaps extended speed

what is 112 mph?

Manuvering speed- the speed at wich the plane stalls before structural damage

what is 145 mph?

1 full input and no structural damage

what is 182 mph?

never exceed speed

what does VDMONA stand for?

Variation- difference between true and magnetic north

Deviation- error due to magnetic fields and our planes instruments

magnetic dip- dips to the closest pole

oscillation- fluid in the compass shakes the compass card

Northerly turning- undershoot north overshoot south

ANDS- Accelerate north, deccelerate south

What are the characteristics of a forward CG

Longer takeoff roll

heavier and slower

higher angle of attack required to maintain altitude

higher stall speed

Higher induced drag and fuel consupmtion

lower cruise speeds

more controllable in a stall

What are the characteristics of an Aft CG

Shorter takeoff role

Lower stall speed

less cotrollable in a stall

less induced drag

less conrtollable in a stall

lower angle of attack required to maintain altitude

lighter and faster

list types of drag

induced drag- byproduct of lift

parasitic drag=

form drag- shape of the aircraft

skin drag- rivetts on the aircraft

interference drag- occurs where structural componets of the aircraft meet

What is pressure altitude?

(29.92-altimeter setting) x 1000 + elevation

what are the 4 forces of flight?

lift, drag, thrust, and weight/gravity

what is angle of attack

angle created by the chord line and relative wind

what is a stall

when air stops flowing over the wind because the angle of attack exceeds the critical angle of attack

what is a spin?

an uncoordinated aggervated stall

What are the 4 stages of a spin in order

Entry-

Incipinet- First couple rotations

Developed- Rapid altitude loss but no change in airspeed

Recovery-

Spin Recovery

PARE

Power Idle

Ailerons Nuetral

Rudder Full Opposite

Elevator down

What are the 4 left turning tendencies? describe them

Torque- The roataion of the prop to the right cuases an equal but opposite reaction to the left

P-factor- the decending porpellar blade takes a bigger bit of the air which creates assymetric thrust increased on the right side which causes the plane to yaw left

Spirlaling Slipstream- The backwash created from the propelllar spirals around the fuselage and eventually hits the right side of the vertical stabilizer.

Gyroscopic precession- Force on a gyroscope in the direction of rotation. upon rotation this force is flet as we turn the the right.

What is wake turbulence

wing tip vorticies from other airplanes (they move down and out from the ends of the wing tip)

Wake turbulence avoidance during takeoff and landing

Takeoff- Rotate prior to previous planes rotation point. If taking off after a jet lands then rotate after their touchdown point to avoid climbing through wake turbulence

Landing- Stay above the jets glide path when on approach and touch down passed the previous planes touchdown point.

what is wind shear?

A sudden opr drastic change in wind speed or direction

How do we avoid wind shear?

Dont fly into a thunderstorm

PIREPS (midflight weather report)

If we cant avoid we should follow the manufacturers proceedure which is commonly max power and pitch for max climb.

We can use our airspeed indicsator to identify wind shear