unit 2 ap exam

Identify 4 physical factors that influence the distribution of human population

It is climate, topography, water availability, and natural resources

Identify and define arithmetic, physiological, and agricultural density

Arithmetic density: the average number of people per unit of total land area

Physiological density: the number of people per unit of arable(farm able) land

Agricultural density:the number of farmers per unit of arable land

How so you calculate arithmetic population density

Divide the total population of an area by its total land; arithmetic population density =total population/total land area

Which country likely has a higher Physiological population density, Egypt or the US why?

Egypt has a very limited amount of arable land, with most of its population and agricultural activity concentrated along the Nile River and it’s delta. Egypt also has more people per square than the US

Which type of countries have a lower agricultural population density:more developed countries or less developed countries why?

More developed countries have a lower agricultural population density because they use advanced technology, allowing fewer farmers to cultivate large areas of land and produce more food

Define carrying capacity

It is the maximum population size of a species that a given environment can sustainably support over a long period

What is NIR and how do you calculate it?

The rate which a population grows due to the difference between births and deaths. You calculate it by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude births rate and then dividing by ten to express a percentage

What is TFR

TFR is the total fertility rate, the average number of children a woman is expected to have her while lifetime

What is IMR and how is it related to TFR

IMR is the number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births, while TFR is the average number a woman could be would to have her whole lifetime

What is population doubling time

It is the amount of time it takes for a population to double in size at a constant rate

Identify the stages of the DTM and what we see for: birth rate, death rate, and NIR

Stage 1: high stationary

• CBR : high

• CDR:high

• NIR: close to 0

Stage 2: early expanding

• CBR: high

• CDR: rapidly falling

• NIR: very high

Stage 3: late expanding

• CBR: falling

• CDR: falling slowly

• NIR: high but decreasing

Stage 4:low stationary

• CBR: low

• CDR: low

• NIR: close to zero or negative

Stage 5: declining

• CBR: very low below death rate

• CDR: low but rising due to aging population

• NIR: negative

Identify what causes us to move from stage 1 to 2, 2 to 3, 3 to 4, 4 to 5 of the DTM

Stage 1 to 2: improved sanitation, healthcare, and food supply lead to a rapid decrease in deaths

Stage 2 to 3: increased urbanization, education, access to contraception, and changing social norms lead to a decrease in births rate

Stage 3 to 4: continued improvements in living standards, widespread across family planning, and further societal changes result in births rates falling to death rates leading to low or zero population growth

Stage 4 to 5: birth rates fall below death rates, often due to further societal changes, economic factors and individual choices, resulting in population decline

What is the ETM? Describe the five stages

Stage 1: pestilence and famine: high death rates from infectious diseases, epidemics, and famine. Life expectancy is low

Stage 2: receding pandemics: improved sanitation, nutrition, and medicine reduce the incidence of infectious diseases and pandemics. Death rates declining significantly

Stage 3: degenerative and man made diseases: infectious diseases become less prevalent, and chronic, degenerative diseases become the leading causes of death. Life expectancy increases

Stage 4: delayed degenerative diseases: medical advancements and life style changes delayed the onset of degenerative diseases, leading to further increases in life expectancy

Stage 5: reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases: new or re-emerging infectious diseases, potentially antibiotic resistant, pose to new health challenges

What is malthus's theory?

Population grows exponentially, while food supply grows arithmetically.

What is Esther boserup's refutation of Malthus's theory

Argued that population growth stimulates agricultural innovation and increased food production.

What is sustainability

Refers to meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs.

Identify two pro-natalist and two anti-natalist policies, and define what pro/anti natalist is

Pro-natalist: policies that encourage higher birth rates

• financial incentives for having children, subsidized childcare, extended parental leave

Anti-natalist:policies that aim to lower birth rates

• Access to contraception and family planning services, education for women, policies that encourage smaller family sizes

Describe an effect of china’s one child policy

It was a skewed set ratio at birth, with a number of male births compared to female births due to a cultural preference for sons and the availability of sex selective abortions

What is the effect of women on TFR

Primarily that higher levels of female education a and empowerment are generally associated with lower TFRs, women who choose to pursue their education chooses to have fewer children

What is the dependency tatio

The measurement showing the number of dependents of those who worked the ages 14-65+ per 100 people of working age 15-64. it indicates the economic burden on the productive population

Give one if each ESPEN for push and pull factors of migration

Economic push: high unemployment or lack of economic opportunity in the origin country

Economic pull: availability of jobs or higher wages on the destination country

Social push: discrimination or lack of social services in the origin country

Social pull: presence of family or community networks in the destination country

Political push: political instability, war, or persecution in the origin country

Political pull: political stability and freedom in the destination country

Environmental push: natural disasters, climate change impacts or resource scarcity in the origin country

Environmental pull: favorable climate or abundant natural resources in the destination country

What are ravenstein's laws of migration

A set of generalizations about migration patterns, including principles such as most migrants moving short distances, migration occurring in stages, urban areas attracting migrants from further distances, and rural people being more migratory than urban people

What are IDPs, refugees, asylum seekers

IDPs(internationally displaced persons): individuals who have been forced to flee their homes but have not crossed an internationally recognized border

Refugees: individuals who have fled their country of origin and are unable or unwilling to return due to a well founded fear of persecution

Asylum seekers: individuals who have sought international protection but whose claim for refugee status has not yet been determined

Define step migration and chain migration

Step migration: where a migrants follows a path of a series of stages or steps towards a final destination

Chain migration: where individuals follow the migration or relatives our friends to a new destination. Creating a “chain” as they are supported by those who have already established themselves

Define transhumance, and identify what kind of agriculture works best with transhumance

Transhumance: a form of pastoralism or nomadism where livestock are moved seasonally between fixed summer and winter pastures

Kind of agriculture: pastoral nomadism, which involves the herding of animals, works best with transhumance, as it allows for the seasonal movement of livestock to find optimal grazing conditions

Define forced migration and give a US historical example

Forced migration: the movement of a person or persons moving away from their homes or home region, often due to violence persecution, natural disasters, or other life threatening circumstances

US historical example: the migration of the native Americans during the trail of tears, where thousands of Cherokee and other indigenous peoples were forcibly removed from their ancestral lands in the southeastern US and relocated to Indian territory

What is xenophobia

Xenophobia: the intense or irritational dislike or fear of people from other countries, or anything perceived as alien or foreign

What are remittances

Remittances: money sent by a person in a foreign land to his or her home country, often to family members or dependents

What is a developed country vs. a developing country

Developed country: a country with a highly developed economy and technological infrastructure, typically characterized by high per capita income, industrialization and a high standard of living

Developing country: a country that is in the process of industrialization and has a lower per capita income and standard of living compared to developed countries

What are two current refugee crisis and what is causing them

Refugee crisis 1: Syrian refugee crisis: the ongoing civil war in Syria, which began in 2011, has led to widespread violence, human rights abuses, and the displacement of millions of Syrians

Refugee crisis 2: rohingya refugee crisis: the persecution of the rohingya Muslim minority in Myanmar, particularly the military crackdown and violence in rakhine state, has forced hundreds of thousands of rohingya to flee to neighboring Bangladesh

Social, political and economic impacts of refugees

Social impacts: enrichment, strain on services, community tensions, and cultural integration

Political impacts: anti immigration agenda, aid and service provision, and political strain

Economic impacts: contributions, entrepreneurship, labor market dynamics, and fiscal benefits