Transistion to democracy

What decision did Juan Carlos made in 1976?

Make ESP a democracy

When did Juan Carlos decide to make Spain a democracy?

1976

Who did Juan Carlos align with to make Spain a democracy?

Spain’s political modernisers

Who did Juan Carlos choose as PM and why?

Adolfo Suarez

He was a reformer who thought democracy was inevitable

Who was Adolfo Suarez?

Political reformer who saw democracy as inevitable

Chosen as PM by Juan Carlos

The democracy transition is described as bloodless showing

it was a success

Who did Juan Carlos hope would aid the transition to democracy?

America

Diplomatic visit to US in July 1976

When did Juan Carlos go on a diplomatic visit to US?

July 1976

3 parts of 1976 Political reform law passed by Juan Carlos

-Developing framework for parliamentary democracy

-Legalisation of political parties + trade unions

-Amnesties to Franco’s opponents

What is

-Developing framework for parliamentary democracy

-Legalisation of political parties + trade unions

-Amnesties to Franco’s opponents

1976 Political Reform Law passed by Juan Carlos

What did Juan Carlos give to Franco’s opponents?

Amnesties

What did Juan Carlos legalise?

Political parties + trade unions

When was political reform law passed?

1976 by Juan Carlos

Purpose of 1976 Political reform law

Liberalise political system

What was passed by Juan Carlos to liberalise political system?

1976 Political reform law

How did Juan Carlos reduce chance of leftist politcial violence?

Met with prominent leftist leaders in 1977 as a reconciliatory measure

Why did Juan Carlos meet with prominent leftist leaders in 1977 as a reconciliatory measure?

Reduce chance of leftist violence

What happened 15th June 1977?

Spain’s first democratic election since Franco

When was Spain’s first democratic elections since Franco?

15th June 1977

Turnout of 15th June 1977 election

18 mill/ nearly 80%

Showed country-wide commitment to democracy

What has a turnout of 18mill/ 80%?

15th June 1977 election

Showed country-wide commitment to democracy

What did the results of Spain’s first election show?

Still a v. politically divided country

Left-wing dominant in cities

CONS dominant in rural areas

What party came into power after first election?

UCD (centre right)

What was the UCD party?

Centre right

Combo of all CONS parties

What marred election victory?

Small scale violence in Barcelona, Seville, Pamplona + Cordoba

Small scale violence in Barcelona, Seville, Pamplona + Cordoba

marred election victory of UCD

What areas of Spain remained tense in the transition?

Catalonia + Basque

What was established in OCT 1978?

New Spanish constitution

When was the new Spanish constitution established?

OCT 1978

How was the new Spanish constitution given legitimacy?

National referendum

90% voted in favour

How many voted in favour at national referendum for the new constitution?

90%

4 key parts of Spanish consitution

-Key social rights for citizens

-Abolition of death penalty

-Reduced power of Catholic Church eg: no longer state religion (disestablishment)

-Full voting rights

What is

-Key social rights for citizens

-Abolition of death penalty

-Reduced power of Catholic Church eg: no longer state religion (disestablishment)

-Full voting rights

4 key parts of new constitution

2 other factors that aided transition to democracy

Adolfo Suarez

Growing public demand for political reform

What is

Adolfo Suarez

Growing public demand for political reform

2 other factors that aided transition to democracy

What sort of monarchy was Juan Carlos committed to?

Constitutional + parliamentary (like UK)

3 key methods Suarez used to aid democracy

-Implemented reform thru legal methods Franco established, making it legitimate

-Won support of army by not legalising PCE until it committed itself to democracy

-Promised to not allow break up of Spain into smaller regions

What is

-Implemented reform thru legal methods Franco established, making it legitimate

-Won support of army by not legalising PCE until it committed itself to democracy

-Promised to not allow break up of Spain into smaller regions

3 methods Suarez used to aid democracy

How did Suarez make reform legitimate?

Implemented it thru legal systems Franco established

How did Suarez win support of army?

Didnt legalise PCE until they committed to democracy

What did Suarez promise?

Not to break up ESP into smaller parts

When did Suarez legalise PCE?

Not until they committed to democracy

This won support of army

How was Franco’s 1945 National Referendum law used?

Referendum on democracy

94% voted in favour

How many voted in favour for democracy?

94%

How did Suarez manipulate the old Cortes to ensure support for new system?

Promised many members lucrative jobs or important positions in new gov

Why did Suarez Promised many members of old Cortes lucrative jobs or important positions in new gov?

To ensure support for new system

Who did Juan Carlos appoint as defence minister and why?

Cruz de Mendival coz he was CONS so appease the right

Who was Cruz de Mendival?

Defence minister appointed by Juan Carlos

CONS to appease right

Evidence of right wing opposition

Plot by army officers to kidnap cabinet ministers

Small minority of army

2 major right wing parties

AP - far right

UCD - Centre right

What is

AP - far right

UCD - Centre right

2 major right wing parties

What was the far right party?

AP

What was the Centre right party?

UCD

Did ETA continue bombing?

Yes denied right to secession in OCT 1978 consitution

When were the Moncola pacts?

1977

What were the 1977 Moncola pacts?

Austerity package b/t gov + leftist opposition

Agreed redundancies + wage freezes in exchnage for support + structural reform eg: income tax

Much of promised reform never delivered tho

What is

Austerity package b/t gov + leftist opposition

Agreed redundancies + wage freezes in exchnage for support + structural reform eg: income tax

Much of promised reform never delivered tho

1977 Moncola pacts