Topics 5-6

Aerobic respiration is a __________ reaction.

combustion

Glycolysis occurs in the __________.

cytosol

The cell needs to restore __________ to continue glycolysis.

NAD+

Fermentation is the anaerobic reduction of __________.

pyruvate

The product of glycolysis is two __________ molecules.

pyruvate

In the Krebs cycle, acetyl-CoA reacts with __________ to form citrate.

oxaloacetate

The electron transport chain moves electrons through many __________ reactions.

redox

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, reducing it to __________.

water (H2O)

The high-energy electrons from NADH donate their electrons to __________.

complex 1

The proton motive force (PMF) is used for __________.

chemiosmosis

ATP synthase has two main parts: F0 and __________.

F1

Total ATP made in aerobic respiration can be as high as __________ ATP.

38

G3P formed in the Calvin cycle can be used to make __________.

glucose

Light reactions take place in the __________ membrane of chloroplasts.

thylakoid

Photophosphorylation is the process of generating ATP using __________ energy.

solar

The part of the chloroplast where the Calvin cycle occurs is the __________.

stroma

Complex 3 transfers electrons from ubiquinone to __________.

cytochrome c

The fixed carbon in the Calvin cycle is added to __________ to form 3-PGA.

RuBP

The reaction that converts pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA is called __________ reaction.

decarboxylation

NADPH is produced in photosystem __________.

1

The thylakoid lumen has a low __________ compared to the stroma.

pH

During glycolysis, __________ forms from the phosphorylation of glucose.

fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

The __________ cycle requires more ATP than NADPH.

Calvin

Fatty acids can be generated from __________ groups in the body.

acetyl

The main pigment involved in capturing light energy in plants is __________.

chlorophyll

In the electron transport chain, hydrogen ions are pumped from the __________ to the intermembrane space.

matrix

The process of converting light energy into chemical energy occurs during __________ reactions.

light

The main purpose of the Krebs cycle is to finish the oxidation of __________.

glucose

Reducing power in cells is carried by electron carriers such as __________ and FADH2.

NADH

In glycolysis, __________ ATP are consumed to start the process.

2

The electron transport chain is located in the __________ membrane of the mitochondria.

inner

The G3P produced in the Calvin cycle can also be used to generate __________ for cellular respiration.

glucose

The non-cyclic electron transport generates __________ and NADPH.

ATP

The cell generates __________ from the high potential energy in the proton gradient.

ATP

Anaerobic respiration does not involve __________ as the final electron acceptor.

oxygen

The __________ cycle is important for carbon fixation during photosynthesis.

Calvin

Protein complexes in the ETC are classified into __________ complexes.

four

Chloroplasts have an extensive surface area due to __________ membranes.

thylakoid

Photosystem 2 is primarily responsible for __________.

the photolysis of water

In Photosystem 2, light energy is captured by __________.

chlorophyll molecules

The primary electron donor in Photosystem 2 is __________.

water (H2O)

Photosystem 2 generates __________ and ATP during the light reactions.

NADPH

The electrons from Photosystem 2 are transferred to __________.

the electron transport chain

The oxygen produced in photosynthesis originates from the splitting of __________ in Photosystem 2.

water (H2O)

What is the primary function of the electron transport chain (ETC)?

To transfer electrons and pump protons, creating a proton gradient used for ATP synthesis.

What role does NADH play in cellular respiration?

It serves as an electron carrier that donates electrons to the electron transport chain.

What is produced during glycolysis that is further utilized in cellular respiration?

Pyruvate.

What is the role of FADH2 in cellular respiration?

It donates electrons to the electron transport chain, contributing to ATP production.

What are the two main phases of photosynthesis?

Light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle.

What happens to the energy stored in ATP during cellular processes?

It is released for cellular work such as muscle contraction and transport.

How is ATP generated during oxidative phosphorylation?

Through the chemiosmotic gradient created by proton pumping during electron transport.

What is the sequence of events in the Krebs cycle?

Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate, undergoes a series of reactions to produce NADH, FADH2, and ATP, and regenerates oxaloacetate.

What is the main product of the Calvin cycle?

G3P (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate), which can be converted to glucose.

Why is chlorophyll essential for photosynthesis?

It absorbs light energy, initiating the process of converting solar energy into chemical energy.

What is added in glycolysis?

Glucose and ATP.

What is produced in glycolysis?

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH.

What is added in the Krebs cycle?

Acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate.

What is produced in the Krebs cycle?

NADH, FADH2, ATP, and CO2.

What is added in the Calvin cycle?

CO

What is produced in glycolysis?

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH.

What is added in glycolysis?

Glucose and 2 ATP.

What is produced in the Krebs cycle?

NADH, FADH2, ATP, and CO2.

What is added in the Krebs cycle?

Acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate.

What is produced in the Calvin cycle?

G3P (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate), which can

What is the main function of Photosystem 1 (PS1)?

To absorb light and generate NADPH by transferring electrons to ferredoxin.

What is the primary pigment involved in Photosystem 1?

Chlorophyll a.

How does Photosystem 1 differ from Photosystem 2 in terms of wavelength absorption?

Photosystem 1 absorbs light primarily at 700 nm, while Photosystem 2 absorbs at 680 nm.

What molecule is reduced in Photosystem 1 to generate NADPH?

NADP+.

What is the role of Photosystem 2 (PS2) in photosynthesis?

To capture light energy and split water, providing electrons to the electron transport chain.

What process occurs in Photosystem 2 to supply electrons?

Photolysis of water.

What byproduct is generated from the photolysis of water in Photosystem 2?

Oxygen (O2).

What are the two main products of the light reactions of photosynthesis?

ATP and NADPH.

In what order do Photosystem 1 and Photosystem 2 operate during the light reactions?

Photosystem 2 operates first followed by Photosystem 1.

What is the role of plastoquinone in the electron transport chain?

To transport electrons from Photosystem 2 to the cytochrome b6f complex.

How do electrons move from PS2 to PS1?

They are transferred through a series of carriers in the electron transport chain.

What is created in the thylakoid lumen as a result of electrons moving through the electron transport chain?

A proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.