Comprehensive Guide to APA, Disabilities, and Inclusive Practices

What is APA?

Modifying physical activities to meet the needs of individuals with disabilities.

What is the term that means the killing of infants, like how ancient civilization killed disabled infants?

Infanticide

Who was used for practice targets for Roman emperors?

Physically disabled people

When did the disabled start to get better treatment?

1700

Who were the first people to help individuals with disabilities get better treatment?

Pinel and Pussin

What was founded in 1973 in Quebec?

International Federation of Adapted Physical Activity (IFAPA)

Who created the IFAPA?

Simard and Drouin

What did Ling from Sweden create in 1813?

Medical gymnastics

What year did the PE program at McGill start?

1912

Who created the first PE program in Canada?

Cartwright

When did the first Paralympic Summer Games start?

1960

Who helped create programs for disabled people in the US and Canada in the 60s?

Julian Stein

Who started APA research?

Wessel and Austin

What did the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 do?

Gave individuals with disabilities civil rights protection

What act helped students with disabilities get a free and public education in 1975?

Education of All Handicapped Children Act

What did the Amateur Sports Act of 1978 ensure?

Every sport included disabled athletes

What year was the International Year of Disabled Persons?

1981

Who was the first president of the International Paralympic Committee?

Robert Steadward

What are the four approaches in APA?

Facilities based approach, Service based approach, Supports based approach, Empowerment and self-determination approaches

Which approach made the individual have control of major life decisions?

Empowerment and self-determination

What is critical thinking?

An important part of education and professional development

Why should we develop critical thinking skills?

It helps learners become autonomous and active in the learning process.

How can you acquire critical thinking skills?

Through active engagement

What is the fundamental approach for future APA professionals?

Abilities based practice

What does person-centred practice involve?

Adapting to the participant and finding their interests to increase motivation

What is enquiry based learning?

Learning by asking and challenging the status quo

What is the focus of abilities based practice?

Working on the strengths of the participant

What does inclusive practice in APA entail?

Valuing participants as equals to enhance performance

What is professional preparation in APA?

Expanding one's knowledge and developing critical thinking

What is the primary goal of service delivery in APA?

Providing a PA program and services for individuals with disabilities

What is advocacy in the context of APA?

Promoting the rights of individuals with disabilities and influencing policies

What is the purpose of assessment in APA?

To evaluate the participant's situation and abilities

What are the steps in the assessment process?

Learning about the person, their observable abilities, and their goals

What is the difference between assessment and testing?

Assessment is more detailed and involves data collection beyond testing

What are the types of assessment in APA?

Formal, informal, norm-referenced, criterion-referenced, standardized, and content-referenced

What should assessment not do?

Generate labels, prejudice teaching, identify causes, or lack ethics

What are the four factors that could affect an assessment?

Current life situations, personality, motivation, cultural background

What is the primary purpose of goals in APA?

To provide intervention and direction in the program

What does TPO stand for?

Terminal Performance Objectives

What are the five components of PACED?

Person, Action, Criteria for success, Element of the objective, Date of success

What is critical thinking according to Paul (1995)?

Thinking that assesses itself, focusing on improving one's thinking

What is the If Then Approach?

If one thing is true, then something specific will occur

What are the three types of situations in APA?

Fully prepared, not fully prepared, and a mix of both

What is the PLIIR Model?

A model that includes selecting content areas, assessing, determining objectives, instructing, and evaluating progress

What is task analysis?

A description of the prerequisite skills needed for a desired behavioral outcome

What is the developmental approach in task analysis?

Assumes motor development changes with age and that all children follow the same path

What is the ecological approach in task analysis?

Considers the characteristics of the person and their environment

What are the 4 steps for assessment in motor development? ETA

Get a task goal, allow choices of movement solutions, control factors that influence performance, provide instruction.

What does 'assumptions' refer to in the context of ideas?

The historical roots of an idea and the worldview necessary for it to be considered true.

What are implications?

The consequences that follow an idea.

What approach is best for task analysis?

Developmental approach.

What changes with age and maturation in motor development?

Assumption of the Developmental Approach.

What are the 4 methods of task analysis?

Sequential, developmental, hierarchical, ecological.

What is sequential task analysis?

A task analysis with different components.

What are the 3 parts of a developmental task analysis?

Selecting progression, manipulating environment variables, skill development.

What is the difference between hierarchical and developmental task analysis?

Developmental focuses on skill development, while hierarchical examines components and relationships.

What are the 4 steps of assessment in ecological task analysis?

Get a task goal, allow choices of movement solutions, control factors influencing performance, provide instruction.

What did Watkins and Wall (1982) devise?

A system using environmental prompts to help a child perform a skill.

What does the Response Prompting Continuum do?

Increases student autonomy and decreases help from the professional.

What are the 4 types of prompts?

Physical, visual, verbal, no prompts.

What are the 3 categories of physical prompts?

Complete physical support, partial support, minimal support.

What are the 3 categories of visual prompts?

Full demonstration, partial demonstration, gestures.

What are the 2 categories of verbal prompts?

Specific cues and general cues.

What is the ABC in the behavioral approach?

Antecedents, behavior, consequences.

What are the two types of behavior in adapted physical activity (APA)?

Mild behaviors and challenging behaviors.

What characterizes challenging behaviors?

They affect everyone and may include loud behavior and interruptions.

What are some reactive approaches to challenging behaviors?

Verbal reprimands, time outs, physical restraints.

What is positive behavioral support?

A strategy that prevents problem behavior while teaching functional skills.

What are the two factors of positive behavioral support?

Avoids punishment and promotes self-control.

How long is reactive approach treatment effective?

Short term.

How long is proactive approach treatment effective?

Long term.

What is the focus of non-functional treatment?

Based on problem behavior and focuses on control.

What is the focus of functional treatment?

Based on functional assessment, focusing on education and behavioral enhancement.

Who are the two groups of people who experience challenging behavior?

Individuals with ASD and severe intellectual disabilities.

What are the 3 difficulties faced by individuals with ASD?

Difficulty detecting feelings, verbalizing feelings, and calming themselves.

What is the difference between tantrums and meltdowns?

A tantrum is when the individual is still in control, while a meltdown indicates a loss of control.

What is the best stage in preventing behavioral issues?

Rumbling.

What are the 4 models of disability?

The Social Relational Model (SRM), Medical Model, Social Model, Human Rights Model of Disability.

What is the Medical Model of disability?

It is in the field of medicine, affects perceptions of normality, and may influence research.

What does the Social Model of disability explain?

It explains that disabled people are socially oppressed.

What are 5 successful outcomes of social models?

Challenge discrimination, link civil rights and political activism, affirm disabled people's right to be in society, serve as a tool for social and political change, and address material problems experienced by many disabled people.

What are the 2 social oppressions in the Social Relational Model?

Psycho-emotional disablism and internalised oppression.

What is indirect psycho-emotional disablism linked to?

It is linked to structural disablism and associated psycho-emotional responses.

What is direct psycho-emotional disablism linked to?

It is linked to the consequences of discriminatory, negative social interactions that disabled people have with others.

What is internalised oppression?

It is how people with disabilities view themselves.

What is the Human Rights Model of disability based on?

Rights-based principles.

What are the 8 guiding principles in the Human Rights Model of disability?

Respect dignity, non-discrimination, full participation in society, acceptance of disabled people, equal opportunity, accessibility, equality between men and women, and respect for disabled people's identities.

What is social construction?

It is how theories and ideas about reality and truth depend on social attitudes.

What does ableism refer to?

It is the discrimination of disabled people.

What are the 2 conceptualizations of discipline in the society of normalization?

Body of knowledge and control gained by knowledge.

What concept did Quetelet create to describe human attributes?

The Bell Curve.

What does the APA realize about disabilities?

Not every disability needs Adapted Physical Activity (APA).

What are the 2 issues in disability language?

Need to link research and practice, potential harm.

What does Billy Harvey suggest about labels?

Labels are harmful when a person is referred to as the label rather than as a person.

What term does Spencer et al (2020) use to refer to people who are actively oppressed by social barriers?

Disabled people.

What is the dominant approach in North America for disability language?

Disability Rights Model.

How does the Disability Rights Model suggest we talk about people?

Describe people first, then their impairments second.

What are some examples of Person-First terminology?

Children with a disability, children with an..., children who have...

What is the most debated issue in Adapted Physical Activity (APA) over the last 50 years?

Moving to inclusion.

What does integration refer to in the context of disability?

It refers to placing students together (with and without disabilities) in educational settings.