Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry

The calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions.

Relative Molecular Mass (Mr)

The sum of the relative atomic masses (Ar) of all the atoms in a molecule.

Empirical Formula

The formula that shows the simplest ratio of atoms in a compound.

Moles

A unit of measurement used to express the amount of a substance, equivalent to 6.022 x 10²³ particles.

Limiting Reactant

The reactant that is fully consumed in a reaction, determining the amount of product formed.

Avogadro's Constant

The number of atoms, ions, or molecules in one mole of a substance, approximately 6.022 x 10²³.

Concentration

The amount of solute in grams or moles, dissolved in a given volume of solution, usually expressed in mol/dm³.

Percentage Yield

The ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield, expressed as a percentage.

Hydrated Salts

Salts that contain water molecules attached to them.

Anions

Negatively charged ions.

Cations

Positively charged ions.

Mass Number

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Chemical Reaction

A process in which substances (reactants) are transformed into new substances (products).

Ionic Compound

A compound formed from the electrostatic attraction between positively and negatively charged ions.

Molecular Formula

A formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.

Oxidation State

The degree of oxidation of an atom in a compound, represented by a positive or negative integer.

Gas Volume at RTP

The volume occupied by one mole of gas at room temperature and pressure, typically 24 dm³.

Excess Reactant

The reactant that remains after the reaction is complete.

Water of Crystallization

Water molecules that are part of the crystalline structure of a hydrated salt.

Relative Atomic Mass (Ar)

The average mass of an atom of a chemical element, compared to 1/12th of the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

Aqueous

A solution in which the solvent is water.

The ___ is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.

calorie

The ___ point is the temperature at which a substance transitions from a solid to a liquid.

melting

In a chemical reaction, the ___ are the substances that undergo change.

reactants

The law of ___ states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

conservation of mass

The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being ___.

neutral

The ___ state of matter has a definite shape and volume.

solid

An ___ solution contains more solute than can be dissolved at a given temperature.

supersaturated

The process of ___ involves the conversion of a solid directly into a gas without passing through a liquid phase.

sublimation

___ energy is the energy stored within the bonds of chemical compounds.

Chemical

The term ___ refers to the specific heat required to raise the temperature of a substance.

heat capacity