information processing (9)

multistore model

model depicting the flow of information in thinking

atkinson and shiffrin

developers of the multistore model

sensory store, short-term store, long-term store

3 processing units that information flows through in the multistore model

sensory store

holds raw sensory information from the senses

short-term store

working memory; stimuli retained for several seconds

long-term store

examined information stored for future use

baddeley

proposed the term “working memory”

executive function

planning and executing strategies based on information from the LTS

attention

process of selecting stimuli to detect or work on

inhibitory control

intentionally choosing to not attend to information

set-shifting

moving from one information-processing strategy to another

memory span, span of apprehension, domain-specificity

3 influences on the development of the STS

memory span

amount of information that can be held in the STS

span of apprehension

the number of items that can be kept in the mind at any one time

domain-specificity

specialized learning mechanisms for different domains or areas

knowledge base, working memory

developmental differences in memory can be attributes to increases in __________ and __________ capacity

strategies

goal-directed and deliberately implemented mental operations used to facilitate task performance

strategic memory

processes involved as one consciously attempts to retain or retrieve information

mnemonics

effortful techniques used to improve memory, including rehearsal, organization, and elaboration

rehearsal, organization, elaboration

3 frequently used memory strategies

production deficiency

failure to spontaneously generate and use known strategies that could improve learning and memory

utilization deficiency

when children experience little or no benefit when they use a new strategy

production, utilization

2 common software strategy deficiencies

siegler’s adaptive strategy choice model

theory related to the fact that children of all ages have been found to use multiple and variable strategies in solving problems

implicit

most infant thoughts are __________

gradually

children’s awareness of the distinction between conscious and unconscious thought develops __________

implicit cognition

thought that occurs without awareness that one is thinking; unconscious

explicit cognition

thinking and thought processes of which we are consciously aware

metacognition

knowledge about cognition and about the regulation of cognitive activities

planful, selective

with age, attention becomes more __________ and __________

attention span

capacity for sustaining attention to a particular stimulus or activity

myelinization

attention span increases with age, partly due to increasing __________ of the CNS and reticular system

reticular formation

area of the brain that activates the organism and is thought to be important in regulating attention

selective attention

capacity to focus on task-relevant aspects of experience while ignoring irrelevant or distracting information

inhibition

the ability to prevent ourselves from executing some cognitive or behavioural response

cognitive inhibition

the ability to dismiss irrelevant information

fuzzy trace theory

alternative to the multistore model; information is processed at both a gist and a verbatim level

brainerd and reyna

developers of the fuzzy trace theory

gist

fuzzy representation of information that preserves the central content but with few precise details; easily accessed and requires relatively little effort

verbatim traces

memory representations that are more susceptible to interference and more easily forgotten

script

general representation of the typical sequencing of events (i.e. what occurs and when) in a familiar context

personal, social, cultural

3 types of circumstances that influences how memories are organized

preschool, past events

autobiographical memory improves during the __________ years; parents strengthen it by discussing __________

retrieval, free recall, cued recall

3 strategies used by children to recall information

retrieval

actions and strategies aimed at getting information out of the LTS

free recall

recollection that is not prompted by specific cues or prompts

cued recall

recollection that is prompted by a cue associated with the setting in which the recalled event originally occurred

suggestibility

the likelihood that false information that is suggested is incorporated into one’s memory

8 to 9 years

children younger than __________ are more suggestible than older children and adults

reasoning

a particular type of problem solving that involves making inferences

analogical reasoning

reasoning that involves using something you already know to help reason about something not known yet

relational similarity

the relation between two analogues (e.g. a parent feeding a child is relationally similar to an adult bird feeding its chicks)

talk

counting begins once children begin to __________

cardinality

principle specifying that the last number in a counting sequence specifies the number of items in a set

siegler’s adaptive strategy choice model

theory that children have multiple strategies available to them that compete with one another for use

cultural

there are sizeable __________ variations in mathematics performance and the use of arithmetic strategies

east asian

among those who are taught arithmetic strategies at school, __________ children consistently out-perform their north american age-mates

neurological, evolutionary, sociocultural

criticism of the information-processing perspective: ignores __________, __________, and __________ influences on cognitive growth

narrow, diversity

criticisms of the information-processing perspective: too __________ an understanding of children’s intelligence; underestimates the __________ of human cognitive activities

connectionism

field of cognitive studies that seeks to understand mental processes as resulting from assemblies of real or artificial neurons

1980s

modern connectionism emerged in the __________

parallel distributed processing

sub-approach of connectionism theory

parallel processing

many things being processed at the same time

distributed processing

information being encoded across neurons in the brain

cognitive task

the number of processing units in a connectionist network depends on the type of __________ that is being performed

only one

connectionist networks work by simulating tasks using __________ pathway(s)

simulations

provide an alternate means of understanding and explaining how cognitive development occurs

active child, nature/nurture, quantitative/qualitative, holistic

4 important themes of development

active child, nature/nurture, quantitative/qualitative, holistic

which of the 4 important themes of development apply to the information-processing perspective?

nature/nurture

which of the 4 important themes of development apply to the connectionist perspective?