Unit 1 A&P Speech and Hearing Exam

anatomy

study of structure of an atom

physiology

study of function of a living organism

applied (clinical) anatomy

application of anatomical study for diagnosis and treatment of disease and surgical procedures

descriptive (systemic) anatomy

description of individual parts of the body w/out reference to diseas conditions; viewing thebpody as composite of systems that function together

microscopic anatomy

examine structures that are not visible to the unaided eye

developmental anatomy

development of organism from conception

pathological anatomy

examines disease conditions of structured abnormalities

comparitive anatomy

mate comparisons across specific boundaries

electrophysical techniques

electrical activity of single cells or group of cells

evoked auditory potentials

procedures that measure electrical activity of the brain caused by auditory stimuli

cytology

examines structure and functions of cells

histology

microscopic study of cells and tissuesm

osteology

structure and function of bones

myology

examines muscle form and function

arthology

joint uniting bone

angiology

study of blood vessels and lymphatic system

neurology

diseases of nervous system

anatomical position

body is erect and palm, arms and hands face forward

axial skeleton

head and trunk with spinal column being axis

appendicular skeleton

upper and lower limbsn

euaxis

axis of brainf

frontal section (frontal view)

divides body into front and back halves

median plane

left and right halves

midsagittal section

divides left and right halves in median plane

transverse section

upper and lower portions divisions (front)

anterior

front surface of body

ventral

belly or anterior suface

posterior

toward the back

dorsal

back of body

rostral

toward the head

peripheral

away from centersup

superficial

confined to surface

deep

organ is clsoe to axis of body

external

outside body

internal

within the body

distal

away from midline

proximal

toward root or attachment point of structure

superior

farther from ground, abovel

inferior

below, closer to ground

prone

on the belly

supine

on the backla

lateral

related to the side

medial

towards median plane

flextion

bending a joint toward ventral surface

extension

act of pulling 2 ends farther apart

hyperextension

extending a joint too far

doriflection

flexion that brings dorsal surfaces into closer proximity

plantar

sole of foot; flexor surfacep

plantar flextion

bringing ventral surface close togetheri

inversion

turn sole of foot inward

eversion

front turned out

palmar

ventral (flexor) surface of palm

pronated

place organisms in the prone position

supination

rotating the hand so that palmer surface is directed supinately

palmar grasp reflex

lightly stimulating the palm of the hand and response is to flex the finger to grasp

thorax

chest region

abdomen

externally on body as belly

dorsal trunk

back

pelvis

are of hip bones

cranial portion

part of skull that houses brain and its components

facial part

part of skull that houses the mouth, pharynx, nasal cavity, and structures related to the upper airway and masstification

upper extremity

arm, forearm, wrist, and hand

lower extremity

thight, leg, ankle, and foot

epithelial tissue

superficial layer of mucous membranes and the cells constituting the skin as well as linings of major body cavities and linings of all tubes that pass in and out of body

serve as a barrier to prevent or permit substances from passing to the structures being contaminated by them

cilia

hairlike profusions that beat to remove contaminants from epithelial surface

baseplate

made predominantly of collagen underlies epithelial tissue and serves number of functions (basement membrane

connective tissue

composed of intercellular material (matrix); sold, liquid, or gel-like; most complex tissue

areolar tissue (loose connective tissue)

elastic maternal found b/w muscles and as a thin, membranous sheet b/w organs

interstitial

space or gap in tissue

adipose tissue

areolar tissue that is highly impregnated with fat cells

lymphoid tissue

specialized connective tissue found in tonsils and adenoid

mucous membrane

epithelial lining that my have mucosal glands that secrete mucus; help move material within cavity

fibrous tissue

binds structures together and may contain combinations of fiber types

yellow cartilage

less collagen, elastic fiber found in outer ear (pinna), nose, and epiglottis

tensile strength

cartilage, keeps fiber from being easily separated when pulled

compressive strength

cartilage, lets it retain its form by being resistant to crushing or compressive forces

hyaline cartilage

smooth, glassy blue cast, smooth mating surface for the articulating surfaces of bones

blood

connective tissue

bone

hardest connective tissue

compact bone

lamellar or sheet-like structure

spongy bone

porous, marrow that produces red and white blood cells and blood plasma matrix

fibroblasts

production of extracellular matrix; synthesize and secrete protein; wound repair

macrophage

healing connective tissue

engulf bacteria and eat tissue and digest them by secreting soluble proteins

B lymphocytes

bone marrow, generated and secrete antibodies to defend against viral attack

T lymphocytes

thymus and bone marrow

seek and destroy viral agents

mast cells

first response to irritation/inflammationmu

muscular tissue

contractile tissue that has fibers capable of being stimulated to contract

skeletal (striated) muscle

move skeletal structures

somatic muscle

moved in conscious voluntary processes

smooth muscle

visceral muscle tissue of digestive tract and blood vessels

cardiac muscles

cells that interconnect in a netlike fashion

nervous tissue

highly specialized connective tissues that transmit info from neuron to another

fascia

sheetlike membrane dense or transparent thin or thick that surround organs

perimysium

surrounds striated muscle, fascia, that is thick enough that muscle cannot be clearly seen through it, packing material around organs

ligament

binding together structures of body

connective tissue course in shape

giving great tensile strength

visceral ligaments

binds organs together or hold structuresi in place

tendons

provide a means of attaching muscle to bone or cartilage

morphology

form, morphe study

aponeurons

denser fascia retains longitudinal orientation of connective fiber tissues

osteopososis

bone becoming porous due to loss of calcium