FIRST QUARTER BIO EXAM REVIEW

Hans and Zacharias Janssen

Invented the very first primitive compound microscope by placing multiple lenses in a tube.

Robert Hooke

Looked at a thin slice of cork (dead oak bark) under an improved microscope. He saw empty, box-like compartments that reminded him of the small rooms monks slept in, called cella.

Robert Hooke

He coined the term "cell." 

Antoine van Leeuwenhoek

master lens-maker who created microscopes with up to 300x magnification.

Antoine van Leeuwenhoek

He examined pond water, dental scrapings, and blood, becoming the first human to witness living, moving cells, which he called "animalcules" (little animals). 

Lorenz Oken

Published a philosophical treatise stating that "all organic beings originate from and consist of vesicles or cells." 

Robert Brown

While studying the fertilization mechanisms of orchids under a microscope, he noticed a distinct, opaque circular structure inside every plant cell. He officially named this structure the nucleus. 

Matthias Schleiden

botanist who examined thousands of plant tissues under the microscope and concluded that all plants are entirely composed of cells, and that the embryonic plant starts from a single cell.

Theodor Schwann

He concluded that all animals are entirely composed of cells.

Robert Remak

He became the first scientist to firmly state and visually document that new cells are formed exclusively by the physical division (binary fission/mitosis) of pre-existing cells. 

Rudolf Virchow

Published the now-famous Latin phrase, "Omnis cellula e cellula" (All cells arise from pre-existing cells), which became the third tenet of Cell Theory.

Louis Pasteur

Conducted his famous "Swan-Neck Flask" experiment, proving that microbes cannot spontaneously generate in sterilized, sealed broth, but will only grow if exposed to pre-existing airborne microbes.

Louis Pasteur

The scientist who provided the definitive, unassailable experimental proof required to cement Virchow and Remak's third tenet into foundational scientific law. 

Ocular Lens

The lens you look through; commonly provides 10× magnification.

Objective Lenses

Primary magnifying lenses; commonly available in 4×, 10×, 40×, and 100× magnifications.

Scanning Objective Lens

4x magnification lens

Low Powered Objective Lens

10x magnification lens

High Powered Objective Lens

40x magnification lens

Oil Immersion

100x magnification lens

Revolving Nosepiece

Holds the objective lenses and rotates to change magnification.

Stage

Flat platform that supports the slide.

Mechanical Stage

Secures and positions the slide.

Condenser

Concentrates and focuses light onto the specimen.

Diaphragm

Controls the amount of light reaching the specimen.

Illuminator

Provides light for viewing.

Coarse Adjustment Knob

Makes large focus adjustments, usually used under low power.

Fine Adjustment Knob

Makes small focus adjustments and sharpens the image, especially under high power.

Arm

Supports the upper part of the microscope and is used with the base when carrying it.

Base

The part that supports the microscope

Field of view

the diameter/area visible through the microscope

inverted and revise

The image orientation you see when looking through a compound light microscope

Magnification

how much larger the image appears

Resolution

the ability to distinguish two close points as separate details

Prokaryotic Cell

A type of cell that has no nucleus

Eukaryotic

A type of cell that has a nucleus

Bacteria and Archaea

The two domains that consist of prokaryotic cells

Protists, Fungi, Animals, and Plants

The four types of domains that all consist of eukaryotic cells

Plasma membrane, Cytosol, Chromosomes, Ribosomes

The basic feature of all cells

nucleoid

The location of DNA in an unbound region (Prokaryotic Cells)

Prokaryotic Chromosomes

Has circular DNA

Eukaryotic chromosomes

Has linear DNA

Glycocalyx

a slimy, gelatinous material produced by the cell membrane and secreted outside the cell wall

Slime Layer

A type of glycocalyx that is associated with biofilms

Another type of Glycocalyx that is highly orrganized and firmly connected

Spores

These are created s a means of survival and they are resistant to heat, cold, drying, and most chemicals.

Nucleus

contains most of the cell’s genes and is usually the most conspicuous organelle

Nuclear Lamina

This maintains the shape of the nucleus and is composed of protein

Chromatin

In the nucleus, DNA and proteins form this genetic material

Chromosomes

the material that results from chromatin condensing

Nucleolus

located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis 

Ribosomes

particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein 

Free ribosomes

The type of ribosomes that are created in the cytosol

Bound Ribosomes

The type of ribosomes located on the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope

Endoplasmic Reticulum

This part accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells 

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

The ER that lacks ribosomes

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

The ER with ribosomes studding its surface

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

The ER that:

Synthesizes lipids, Metabolizes carbohydrates, Detoxifies poison, Stores calcium

Glycoproteins

A type protein that is covalently bonded to carbohydrates

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

The ER that distributes transport vesicles, proteins surrounded by membranes 

Golgi Apparatus

This part of the cell does the following:

– Modifies products of the ER 

– Manufactures certain macromolecules 

– Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles 

Cisternae

The flattened membranous sacs that the Golgi Apparatus consists of

Lysosomes

a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules

Phagocytosis

Some types of cell can engulf another cell by this process which then forms a food vacuole

Autophagy

A process in the lysosome wherein enzymes are used to recycle the cell’s own organelles and macromolecules

Autolysis

This process occurs when the entire cell is damaged or deteriorating

Food Vacuoles

A type of vacuole that is formed through phagocytosis

Contractile Vacuoles

A type of vacuole that is found in many freshwater protists and pumps excess water out of cells

Central Vacuoles

A type of vacuole that is found in many mature plant cells and holds organic compounds and water

Mitochondria

the sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that generates ATP 

Choloroplast

found in plants and algae and are the sites of photosynthesis 

Peroxisomes

oxidative organelles in which hydrogen peroxide is both generated and broken down

Catalase

A type of enzyme that the peroxisome contains

Presents a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP

Thylakoids

Membranous sacs that are stacked to form a granum

Stroma

The internal fluid of the chloroplast

Peroxisomes

A part of the cell that produces hydrogen peroxide and converts it to water 

Cytoskeleton

a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

Cytoskeleton

• helps to support the cell and maintain its shape 

• interacts with motor proteins to produce motility 

Microtubules

The thickest of the three components of the cytoskeleton

Microfilaments

The thinnest components of the cytoskeleton

A part of the cytoskeleton that has fibers with diameters in a middle range

Cell Cycle

the ordered sequence in which a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides

Mitosis

A type of cell division wherein it preserves the chromosomes number in the daughter cells

Binary Fission

a type of cell division that only occurs in prokaryotic cells

Sister Chromatids

two genetically identical copies of a replicated chromosome, joined together at the centromere until they separate during anaphase. 

Centromere

the chromosome region where sister chromatids are held together and where spindle attachment structures form. 

Homologous chromosomes

A matching pair of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent. They carry the same types of genes at corresponding locations, but they may carry different alleles.

Gap 1, Synthetic Phase, Gap 2

The stages included in the interhase

Gap 1

The stage wherein in cell growth, normal metabolism, and protein/organelle production happens

Synthetic

The phase wherein DNA replication occurs

Gap 2 Phase

The stage wherein further cell growth occurs and starts to prepare for division.

Prophrase

The phase wherein chromosomes condense, spindle fibers begin to form, and the nuclear envelope breaks down.

Metaphase

The phase wherein chromosomes align at the cell’s middle/equator

Anaphase

The phase wherein sister chromatids separate and move to opposite polees

Telophase

The phase wherein chromosomes reach opposite poles and new nuclei form

Cytokinesis

Occurs when the cytoplasm divides, producing two daughter cells

Spindle Fibers

Microtubule structures that attach to chromosomes and helps move/separate them during cell division

Gap 1 checkpoint

The checkpoint that checks cell size, nutrients/growth conditions, and DNA damage before S phase. 

Gap 2 checkpoint

The checkpoint that checks whether DNA has been replicated correctly and whether the cell is ready to enter mitosis. 

M Checkpoint

The checkpoint that checks if chromosomes are properly attached to spindle fibers before sister chromatids separate