AP Human Geography Final/Exam

These are my ways to remember the Vocab

Reference map

For trivia, you need to *reference* **names**, **boundaries**, and **features**

Thematic map

Emphasizes a particular **theme**

cartogram

Distorts land area to show changes in value

* This type of map **looks distorted** and that it got hit by a shopping *cart*

Choropleth map

Map that uses multiple different shades

* **COLORS** THINK *CHORO*

Dot Map

Uses **dots** to show different values

Graduated Symbol map

Uses a symbol to represent a certain value

* your brain is **bigger** and **holds more value** after you *graduate* than before you did

Isoline maps

Maps with **lines** drawn to link different places that share a common value

relative space

Space that’s created and defined by how humans interact with the environment

Absolute distance

I am *absolutely* sure that the lake is at **74°N**

* numerical value

Relative distance

compares object to a known geographical feature

* At the family reunion, I stood on the left of my relative.

Uniform

Evenly spaced

Clustered/clumped

grouped together

* think how on nerds clusters all the nerds stick to one gummy and cluster together

Dispersed/scattered

Distributed over a wide area

Agglomeration

Grouped together Purposefully

* companies of similar industries near each other in order to decrease infrastructure costs and increases cost efficency

Map projection

* all map projections distort the surface

Robinson projection

* in meet the *Robinsons*, they had to **accurately know the size, distance, and shape** to travel to the future
* The problem with this map is that it’s less accurate at the poles and can’t be used for navigation

Mercator projection

* *Gators* have to Have **good navigation and direction around nautical areas**, it helps them to try and swim on a **straight line of longitude and latitude**
* The problem with this is that it __distorts area__

Gall-Peters projection

* Mrs. *Peters* helps VIC’s go in the **right direction** and her senses are **accurate** on if a girl will go in this **area**. She also keeps a tidy office and **doesn’t distort** it.

Polar Projections (azimuthal)

* shown from pole and preserves direction and distances from the center
* Distorts latitude, shape, area, and only shows top half of earth

Geographic Information Systems

I wanted to get the *gis*t of the geographic area, so I **compiled data in layers**

* helps visualize spatial patterns and relationships

Remote Sensing Systems

The **aircraft** *sensed* the physical characteristics of the area.

* helps collect info about large areas of land
* Helps monitor areas of the world that are hard to explore

Satellite Navigation systems

The satellite provided geospatial positioning on Earth’s surface by using longitude and latitude

Geographic data

Any data with a geographic (location/refers to a location on Earth) aspect

* helps people understand problems and make decisions and can be layered
* Some methods are census data, remote sensing, openstreetmap

Place

That place has frigid (**weather**) mountains (**landforms**) with no trees (**vegetation**). There they speak English (**language**), and believe in a higher power (**religion**).

Site

A place’s absolute location and surroundings

* EX: Louisville Kentucky is located at 38.2527° N, 85.7585° W and is situated near the Falls of the Ohio and is located between the karst plateau of Southern Indiana and the Bluegrass plateau of Kentucky

Situation

How one place interacts with other places

* EX: Louisville is one of the largest cities in Kentucky with major highway systems connecting it to neighboring states as well as a relationship to the Ohio River

Distance decay

Farther places are from one another, the less they will interact

* the further you drive from a radio tower, the less strong the signal is


* the farther a strawberry is away from the fridge, the more it will decay

Time-space compression

Space between places seems smaller as technology/communication improves

Density

number of people or things in a space

Sustainability

Focused on providing for society in the future

* two issues are natural resources (human societies use Earth’s resources) and land use (human societies determine how they use land in terms of purpose along with level of use

Environmental determinism

**Environment** **determines** characteristics of human society and even the success of failure of the society

Environmental possibilism

With people anything is **possible**

* human societies are influenced by their natural environment, but not controlled by it

Large map scale

Shows less area in greater detail

* Things look bigger because you move in

Small map scale

Shows larger area in less detail

* things look smaller because you move out

Scale of analysis

The level at which the data is displayed

Formal region

The group was dressed in *formal* wear, all wearing a **common attribute**.

* common religion, ethnicity, climate, political boundaries

Functional (nodal) region

Grouped around a central point or node

Vernacular region

Grouped by how the people feel is a region

* I **feel** like *vernacular* is a weird word.

Arithmetic density

Number of people living in a given unit of land

* population/total land area

Agricultural density

\# of farmers per unit of arable (land used for agriculture) land

Physiological density

Number of people per unit of arable land

* Egypt has a high one of these

Malthusian

Thomas Malthus was an English economist who proposed the ____________ theory, which suggests that __**population growth will eventually outpace the food supply,**__ leading to famine, disease, and other catastrophic events.

Crude birth rate

Number of births per year per 1000 people

Crude death rate

Number of deaths per year per 1000 people

Migration

The movement of people from one area to another

Total fertility rate

The average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime

Infant mortality rate

Number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1000 people

Immigration

Movement of people into an area

Rate of natural increase

Percentage of natural population growth in an area

* CBR-CDR/10


* includes **birth And death**, not migration
* High this means rapid growth

Doubling time

70/RNI

* the lower the rate of natural increase, the higher the number of years it takes for the population to double

Stage 1 DTM

High CBR, CDR - steady/low population

* No examples

Stage 2 DTM

* **Death drop** due to improved living conditions


* Lots of babies + less people dying = rapid pop. Growth
* EX: most peripheral countries Niger, Afghanistan

Stage 3 DTM

* Low birth rate + less death = increasing population
* Women’s education
* EX: most semi-peri./peripheral, Colombia, Mexico, India, South Africa

Stage 4 DTM

* births/deaths decrease due to good healthcare, women’s employment, rural-urban migration, strong economies
* EX: US, China, Australia

Stage 5 DTM

* fewer babies than people dying so lower population
* EX: Germany, Japan, Greece

Thomas Malthus positive checks

Reduce population; famine, disease

Thomas Malthus preventative checks

Actions to prevent population growth; postponing

Neomalthusians

Believe that the world space and resources were limited, but the environment was not determinant

Cornucopian Theory

Humans can innovate ways to expand the food supply

Anti-natalist policies

When a country’s birth rate and TFR is high, so people are **discouraged** from having children

* EX: paying extra taxes whenever you have a child, increased education of women
* Goal is to lessen risk of overusing resources, schooling jobs/services
* Typically in 2-3 LDC’s

Pro-natalist policies

When a country has low birth rates and fertility rates, so people are **encouraged** to have children

* EX: free childcare, paid maternity leave
* Typically found in 4-5 LDCs

Immigration policies

Government policies that determine if people can migrate into the

* a country may encourage this to balance out a negative rate of natural increase

Cultural landscape

Combination of cultural features such as **language and religion, economic features, physical features**

Migration for women

Women tend to migrate for economic/marriage reasons

* More migratory than men within their area of birt, but outside zone men are more migratory

Scale of analysis

The level at which the data is displayed

* global, regional, national, local

Dependency ratio

The # of people in the population age group (under 15 - older 64)/ people between

Push factors

**Negative** cause that compels one to **leave a place**

Pull factors

Positive cause that attracts someone to a place

Intervening opportunity

* positive factor that interrupts someone during migration and makes them choose some other place than that they were going
* EX: job/economic opportunities

Intervening obstacle

Negative factor that hinders a person’s migration process

* EX: mountains that don’t allow someone to pass

Forced migration

Migrants must leave because they are in life-threatening situations

* EX: refugees, asylum seekers, and internally displaced persons

Refugee

Crosses international borders due to fear and is granted **refugee status before** they enter where they are allowed to stay in the country

Asylum seeker

Cross international boundaries but **enter the country without refugee status**

Internally displaced persons

Flee their home due to safety but they flee **within** their home country

Voluntary migration

Migrants must leave because they feel like they can better their situation (economically, socially, personally)

* some cross international boundaries (transnational migration)
* Chain migration, step migration, guest workers
* Some are internal where they stay in the country
* Most common type of this is rural-urban
* Transhumance migration involves farming and moving with livestock herding

Culture

Comprised of the shared practices, attitudes, behaviors, and technology that are transmitted by society

* EX: food preferences, architecture, land use, clothing

Culture relativism

The judgement of another culture based on its unique characteristics

* EX: person wanting to try crickets to understand this perspective of food

Ethnocentrism

The judgement of another culture based on its preconceived notions or ideas of that culture

* calling someone who eats crickets gross

Sense of place

Personal attachments people have to a specific geographic location

* language (dialects), religion (place of worship and architecture), ethnicity (ethnic neighborhoods)

Centripetal forces

One common language, ethnicity, religion

* EX: 91% of China is Han Chinese, meaning they can all relate to one another based on a unified ethnicity.

Centrifugal forces

Multiple languages, religions, religious branches

* EX: Balkanization, the breakup of Yugoslavia based on differences in religion, culture, etc, in dominant religion different ethnic groups

Relocation diffusion

Phenomena is spread across space

* population of people = same
* Not expansion diffusion

Stimulus diffusion

Spreading of idea prompts new ideas

* ideas change based on the culture of an area
* EX: McDonald’s in India changes menu to suit the population’s taste like having McCurry pan

Expansion diffusion

* includes all diffusion except relocation
* Diffusion which results in a change of numbers (increasing)

Hierarchical diffusion

Spreads from rank order

* how popular culture spreads
* EX: fashion brands start in Paris, skips over smaller cities, goes to NYC, then eventually arrives in Louisville

Contagious diffusion

Spreads randomly based on proximity

* EX: epidemics

Causes of diffusion

**Imperialism** (one state’s direct or indirect control over the affairs of another political society), **colonialism** (form of imperialism in which a state takes possession of a foreign government and occupies it), **trade**

Effect of diffusion

* Rise of the British empire across diff. Countries in the world influenced the spread of the English language
* Through trade, many new ideas and innovations diffused into another culture
* Diffusion of religion also happened all over the world

The Columbia’s exchange

Type of spatial diffusion and the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World

Lingua franca

A language used by people who don’t speak the same language to communicate for trade or business

Globalization

Greater interconnectedness among the world’s people, places, and institution

Supranationalism

Supranational organizations such as the EU allow for ideas within it to spread to the organization’s members and others

Urbanization

New technology/transportation allows cities to expand

* MNCs in developing countries can aid urbanization through providing jobs

Cultural convergence

Cultures become more alike as their interactions increase

* increasing use of English language
* Loss of indigenous languages
* Placelessness

Cultural Divergence

A group/ society separates usually due to being unsimilar

* EX: different dialects within a language represent cultural divergence

Indo-European

Largest language family with the widest distribution

* originated in Asia and Europe
* Diffused through colonization
* EX: English, German, the Romance languages.

Sino-Tibetan

Originated in Asia

* diffused contagiously


* EX: Mandarin, Burmese, Tibetan

Niger-Congo

* Originated in Africa
* spread through contagious and relocation diffusion
* EX: Swahili, Igbo, Fula

Afro-Asiatic

* Originated in Africa and Asia
* EX: Arabic, Herbu

Universalizing religion

Have universal appeal and seek converts

* typically grows faster and spreads more geographically through a combination of relocation and expansion diffusion