AP Biology Unit 2

Terms for AP Biology Unit 2

Eukaryotic Cell

• Nucleus

• Membrane-Bound Organelles

• Plants & Animals

• Large (10-100um)

• Multi. & Uni. Cellular

• Linear DNA

Prokaryotic Cells

• No nucleus

• No membrane-bound organelles

• Bacteria

• Small (0.1-0.5um)

• Only unicellular

• Circular DNA

• Div. by Binary Fission

• No cytoskeleton

• Cytoplasm

Both Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic

• Cell Membrane

• Div. by Mitosis

• Has DNA

• Has ribosomes

Nucleus

Contains genetic information

• Eukaryotic

• Plants & animals

Ribosomes

Synthesizes proteins

• Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic

Rough ER

Produces proteins; important to detoxify foreign bodies in cell

• Eukaryotic

• Plants & Animals

Smooth ER

Synthesizes lipids and steroids; helps detoxification

• Eukaryotic

• Plants & Animals

Golgi Apparatus

Proteins go from the ER to be packaged, then sent to other parts of the cell; modifies proteins and lipids

• Eukaryotic

• Plants & Animals

Lysosome

Breaks down/digests macromolecules, repairs the cell membrane, and responds to foreign substances within the cell

• Eukaryotic

• Plants & Animals

Chloroplast

Converts sun energy into oxygen and carbohydrates; carries out photosynthesis

• Eukaryotic

• Plants & Algae

Mitochondria

Converting glucose into ATP as energy for the cell

• Eukaryotic

• Plants & Animals

Cell Membrane

Controls what enters and exits the cell

• Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic

Cell Wall

Structure and protection of cell

• Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic

Vacuole

Stores food, water, and waste; helps remove waste

• Eukaryotic

Flagellum

Bacterial locomotion, makes cell move

• Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic

• Animals

Compartmentalization

Allows cells to locate metabolic processes (create separate mini-environment within cells)

• Imagine a house with rooms, dividing each process into sections so that they don’t interact and interfere with one another

Compartmentalization Ex. Lysosome

Lysosome membrane allows inside to become acidic and break things down without harming the rest of the cell

Compartmentalization Ex. Mitochondria

Mitochondria’s double membrane allows for 2 different environments; allows for ATP to be made on inner membrane

Endosymbiotic Theory

Organelles (mitochondria & chloroplasts) were once free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by other cells

• Origin of organelles

Enydosymbiotic Theory Evidence

• Double membranes

• Own circular DNA

• Makes own ribosomes

• Only made by other organelles

Plasma Membrane

• Peripheral Proteins

• Integral Proteins

• Channel Proteins

Passive Transport

• Doesn’t need energy

• High to Low Concentration

  • Down the gradient

Simple Diffusion

• Doesn’t need transport/channel proteins

• Particles go straight through the membrane

  • Small, non-polar (CO2 & O2)

  • Medium non-polar and small polar; sometimes very slowly

Facilitated Diffusion

• Do need transport proteins

  • Large, non-polar

  • Polar (H2O or glucose)

  • Charged ions (Na+ K+ Cl-)

• Aquaporin - H2O transport protein

Active Transport

• Needs energy

• Low to High Concentration

  • Up the gradient

General Transport

• ATP’s energy source

• Needs transport proteins

  • Large, non=polar

  • Polar

  • Charged

Bulk Transport

• ATP’s energy source

• Move large solids or liquids

• Endocytosis & Exocytosis

Endocytosis

• Phagocytosis: large solids

• Pinocytosis: large amounts of liquid with nutrients

Exocytosis

• Macromolecules and waste

• Reverse of Endocytosis

Symport Transport

• No ATP

• 2 particles that move in same direction

  • 1 particle moves passively down gradient

    • Energy source

  • Other particle moves actively

Antiport Transport

• 2 particles that move in opposite direction

  • 1 particle moves passively

    • Energy source

  • Other particle moves actively

Small Non-Polar Molecules

_{O2, CO2, N2}

Small Uncharged Non-Polar Molecules

H2O, NH3, Glycerol

Large Uncharged Polar Molecules

Glucose, Sucrose

Ions

Na+, K+, Cl-

Osmoregulation and Water Potential

Water moves from…

• Low to high solute concentration

• High to low water potential

• Low to high osmolarity

Tonicity

The capability of a solution to modify the volume of cells by altering their water content

Hypotonic Cell

• Cell has lower solute concentration

• Net H2O moves out

• Animal cell shrivels

• Plant cell plasmolysis

  • Contraction

Isotonic Cell

• Equal solute concentration in & out of cell

• No net H2O movement

• Cell remains the same

Hypertonic

• Cell has higher solute concentration

• Net H2O into cell

• Animal cell swells

• Plant cell turgid