chem. 1210 (ch. 1-3)

matter

anything that has mass and takes up space

atoms

smallest unit of matter

matter composition

the type(s) of atom(s) make up matter

matter structure

the arrangement of atom(s)

pure substance

substance that has fixed chemical composition (could be element or a compound)

states of matter:

solid, liquid, gas

element

substance that is made of one type of atom; cannot be decomposed into simpler substances

H

hydrogen

He

helium

Li

lithium

Be

beryllium

B

boron

C

carbon

N

nitrogen

O

oxygen

F

fluorine

Ne

neon

Na

sodium

Mg

magnesium

Al

aluminum

Si

silicon

P

phosphorous

S

sulfur

Cl

chlorine

Ar

argon

K

potassium

Ca

calcium

Sc

scandium

Ti

titanium

V

vanadium

Cr

chromium

Fe

iron

Co

cobalt

Ni

nickel

Cu

copper

Zn

zinc

Br

bromine

Kr

krypton

Ag

silver

I

iodine

Xe

xenon

Au

gold

Hg

mercury

Pb

lead

molecules

two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

compound

two or more different atoms held together by chemical bonds

mixture

two or more different substances mixed together (but not chemically combined)

homogenous mixture

uniform (aka solution)

heterogenous mixture

non-uniform (aka inhomogenous)

energy

ability to do work and transfer heat

kinetic energy

energy of motion

potential energy

energy due to the position of objects relative of other objects

kinetic energy formula:

E(kin) = .5(m)(v^2)

electrostatic potential energy

charged particles are close together = potential energy decreases charged particles are farther apart = potential energy increases

extensive properties

properties that depend on the amount of substance present (ex. mass and volume)

intensive properties

properties that are independent on the amount of substance present (ex. density and temperature)

1 cm^3

1 ml

2.54 cm

1 inch

kilo

1.0 x 10^3

centi

1.0 x 10^-2

milli

1.0 x 10^-3

precision

refers to the proximity of several measurements to each other

accuracy

refers to the proximity of a measurement to the true value

dalton atomic theory post. 1

each element is composed of extremely small particles called atoms

dalton atomic theory post. 2

all atoms of a given element are identical, but the atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all other elements

dalton atomic theory post. 3

atoms of one element cannot be changed into atoms of a different element by chemical reactions; atoms are neither created or destroyed in chemical reactions

dalton atomic theory post. 4

compounds are formed when atoms of more than one element combine; a given compound always has the same relative number and kind of atoms

mass #

# of protons plus # of neutrons

atomic number

# of protons

Ag+

silver ion

NH4+

ammonium ion

Hg2+

mercury (II) ion

Pb 2+

lead ion

Ch3COO-

acetic ion

CO3 2-

carbonate ion

SO4 2-

sulfate ion

OH-

hydroxide ion

Cu 2+

copper ion

Fe 2+

iron II ion

Fe 3+

iron (III) ion

Zn 2+

zinc ion

ClO4 -

perchlorate ion

NO3 -

nitrate ion

PO4 3-

phosphate ion

diatomic molecules

H2, N2, O2, I2, Cl2, F2, Br2

Mono

1

Di

2

Tri

3

tetra

4

penta

5

hexa

6

hepta

7

octa

8

nona

9

deca

10

HNO3

nitric acid

H2SO4

sulfuric acid

CH3COOH

acetic acid

H3PO4

phosphoric acid

HCl

hydrochloric acid