grade 10 science final exam

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106 Terms

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Single displacement when A is a metal

A + BC - AC + B

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Single displacement when A is a non-metal

A + BC - BA + C

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Double displacement

AB + CD --> AD + CB

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Neutralization

Acid + Base - Ionic salt + Water

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(aq) (aq) (s) (L)

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Digestive + Excretory

Interaction: Eliminates undigested food and waste products.

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Structures Involved: Large intestine, rectum, anus.

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Function for Body: Removes solid waste (feces), reabsorbs water, and prevents toxin buildup.

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Circulatory + Respiratory

Interaction: Gas exchange—oxygen enters blood; carbon dioxide is removed.

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Structures Involved: Alveoli in lungs, pulmonary capillaries, red blood cells.

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Function for Body: Delivers oxygen to cells and removes waste gases like CO₂.

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Circulatory + Immune

Interaction: Transports immune cells and antibodies to infection sites.

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Structures Involved: White blood cells, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen.

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Function for Body: Helps detect and destroy pathogens and infections throughout the body.

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Circulatory + Excretory

Interaction: Filters and transports waste products for removal.

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Structures Involved: Kidneys, renal arteries and veins.

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Function for Body: Cleans blood, maintains pH and ion balance, removes urea and other wastes.

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Circulatory + Endocrine

Interaction: Hormones are transported via blood to target organs.

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Structures Involved: Blood plasma, capillaries, glands (e.g., pituitary, thyroid).

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Function for Body: Coordinates long-term body processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

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Excretory + Digestive

Interaction: Expels solid waste not absorbed by the digestive system.

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Structures Involved: Large intestine, rectum, anus.

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Function for Body: Eliminates undigested materials and reabsorbs water into bloodstream.

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  1. Incandescence

Light from heat

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Examples: light bulbs, stovetops, fireworks.

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  1. Electric Discharge

Electricity through a gas

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Examples: neon lights, lightning, aurora borealis.

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  1. Fluorescence:

UV from mercury gas excites phosphor

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Example: fluorescent light bulbs.

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Phosphorescence

Like fluorescence but continues glowing after source is removed

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Example: glow-in-the-dark stickers.

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Chemiluminescence

Chemical reaction with little/no heat

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Example: glow sticks.

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Bioluminescence

Living organisms produce light chemically

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Example: fireflies, jellyfish.

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Triboluminescence

Light from friction

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Example: biting Lifesavers, rubbing crystals.

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EM Spectrum (low to high energy):

Radio → Microwaves → Infrared → Visible Light (ROYGBIV) → UV → X-rays → Gamma

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Plane Mirror Image Characteristics (SALT):

Size: Same

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Attitude: Upright, laterally inverted

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Location: Same distance from mirror

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Type: Virtual

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Mirror Equations:

1/f = 1/do + 1/di

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f: The focal length of the mirror, which is half the radius of curvature.

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do: The distance of the object from the mirror.

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di: The distance of the image from the mirror.

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Snell's Law

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concave mirrors

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convex mirrors

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Parts of the Eye:

Cornea: First refracts light (converging)

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Pupil: Light entrance, adjusts to light

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Lens: Focuses light using ciliary muscles

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Retina: Contains rods (light) & cones (color)

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Optic Nerve: Sends image to brain

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Image on retina: Real, inverted, smaller

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Myopia (Nearsightedness)

Image in front of retina

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Corrected with diverging lenses

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Hyperopia (Farsightedness):

image behind retina

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Corrected with converging lenses

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Astigmatism

Irregular cornea

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Blurred vision

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Corrected with glasses/laser

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Presbyopia

Age-related stiff lens

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Trouble focusing near

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Corrected with reading glasses/bifocals

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Weather

Atmospheric conditions at a specific place and time (e.g., Monday's low in Oakville was 4°C).

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Climate

Long-term average weather patterns in a region (at least 30 years).

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Example: Victoria, BC has the warmest winters in Canada — that's climate.

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Radiation

Transfer of energy via electromagnetic waves (sunlight).

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Conduction

Direct transfer through contact (e.g., heat moving from land surface to air).

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Convection

Movement of fluids (like air or water) transferring heat. Hot rises, cool sinks, creating circulation currents.

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Natural Factors Affecting Climate

solar Radiation: Varies with Earth's orbit, sunspots, tilt, and curvature.

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Atmosphere: Absorbs/traps heat, reflects radiation.

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Hydrosphere: Oceans store and distribute heat; act as carbon sinks.

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Landforms (Lithosphere): Mountains affect air flow and precipitation. Volcanoes release ash (high albedo) and GHGs.

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Albedo: Light surfaces reflect more sunlight. Less ice = lower albedo = more heat absorption.

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Albedo

Light surfaces reflect more sunlight. Less ice = lower albedo = more heat absorption.

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Natural Greenhouse Effect

Earth absorbs solar radiation and re-emits it as heat (infrared radiation).

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Greenhouse gases (GHGs) in atmosphere (water vapour, CO₂, CH₄, etc.) absorb some of this heat, trapping it.

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Keeps Earth warm enough to support life (unlike Mercury or Venus extremes).

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Anthropogenic Greenhouse Effect

Human activities (burning fossil fuels, deforestation) increase GHG levels (especially CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, halocarbons).

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Enhanced heat trapping disrupts Earth's energy balance → global warming.

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Key sources: Cars, industry, agriculture, CFCs (from old refrigerants).

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Ozone Depletion

Occurs in the stratosphere, where natural ozone protects against UV radiation.

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Caused by CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) from aerosol sprays, coolants.

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Results in ozone holes (esp. over poles); increases UV exposure on Earth.

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Recovery is slow, despite CFC bans.

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CFCs

(chlorofluorocarbons) from aerosol sprays, coolants.

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Evidence for Climate Change

Temperature records since 1800s show rising global temps.

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CO₂ monitoring since 1950s shows a steep increase.

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Ice Core Data: Air bubbles show GHG levels & temperature changes over 800,000 years.

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Dendroclimatology: Tree ring width shows climate conditions (wider = warmer/wetter).

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Sedimentary Rock Analysis: Carbon isotopes indicate historical climate patterns.

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Positive Feedback loop

Amplifies warming (e.g., melting ice → lower albedo → more heat absorption).

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Negative Feedback loop

Diminishes warming (e.g., more CO₂ → more plant growth → more CO₂ absorbed).

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Impact of Climate on Nature

Alters biomes (deserts, forests, tundra).

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Affects precipitation patterns and extreme weather frequency (floods, droughts, hurricanes).

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Changes species distributions, habitats, migration, and ecosystems.

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Evidence & Data to Support Climate Change Initiatives

Ice cores, tree rings, and temperature/CO₂ records provide scientific evidence of past and present trends.

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Data helps justify international agreements, GHG limits, and sustainability projects.