UNIT 6

urbanization

The continuous development of cities & towns

• causes → industrialization & technological advancements, & developments in communication

• has increased in modern years

suburbanization

movement to outskirts of urban areas

• leads to urban sprawl!!!!

concetric models

→ concentric

→ sector

→ multi-nuclei

sector model

The sector model, a model of urban land use, was developed by Homer Hoyt in 1939. He proposed that cities expand in wedge-shaped sectors rather than concentric rings, as suggested by Ernest Burgess's concentric zone theory. Hoyt's model emphasized the role of transportation corridors and socioeconomic status in shaping urban development

multi-nuclei model

The Multiple Nuclei Model is a theory of urban land use and structure proposed by geographers C.D. Harris and E.L.Ullman in 1945. This model suggests that cities develop with multiple centers or "nuclei," each serving different functions, rather than expanding from a single central business district (CBD)

latin american city model

The Latin American city model,also known as the Griffin-Ford model, was developed by geographers Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford in 1980. They proposed a model to describe the structure of many cities in Latin America, particularly focusing on how they grew and developed. This model builds upon the concentric zone model by Robert Park and Ernest Burgess. 

southeast asian city model

The Southeast Asian city model was created by T.G. McGee in 1967. He developed this model to understand the urban structures of cities in Southeast Asia, especially those influenced by historical factors like colonialism and trade. It's sometimes referred to as the McGee model

african city model

The African City Model, also known as the De Blij Model, was created by Harm de Blij, a geographer. This model describes the typical structure and growth patterns of cities in Sub-Saharan Africa

galactic city model

The galactic city model was created by Chauncy Harris in 1960. It describes urban areas, particularly in the United States, where growth is decentralized and relies on a network of specialized suburban nodes connected by highways

gentrification

displaces poorer residents

• the character of a poor urban area is changed by wealthier people moving in

urban sprawl

the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas

• racist practices such as redlining are still prominent

• environmental issues

  • destruction of natural habitats

rank size rule

A pattern of settlements where the nth largest city is 1/n the size of the largest city; shows an even distribution of services across cities.

primate city

a city that has over double the population of the next largest city in the country and dominates the country's economy, politics, and culture.

edge city

A large node of office, retail, and residential activities that has developed on the edge of a major city.

boomburb

Rapidly growing suburban cities that remain suburban in character even as they grow to populations over 100,000.

exurb

Areas beyond the suburbs, often rural, where people live but still commute into the city for work.

megacity

A city with more than 10 million residents, often facing issues like overcrowding, pollution, and informal housing.

metacity

An urban area with a population over 20 million people; larger and more complex than a megacity.

nodes

Centers of economic activity, often including transportation hubs, business centers, or entertainment districts.

disamenity zones

Very poor areas of cities that may lack basic services and are sometimes controlled by gangs or drug lords.

squatter settlements

Areas within a city where people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent, often without services like electricity or clean water.

ecological footprint

The amount of land needed to support a person's lifestyle, measuring how much they consume resources and produce waste.

mixed-use development

Development that combines residential, commercial, and recreational spaces into one area to encourage walkability.

walkability

How friendly an area is to walking, including factors like safety, pedestrian infrastructure, and proximity to services.

transportation-oriented development (TOD)

A type of urban development that maximizes residential, business, and leisure space within walking distance of public transportation.

smart-growth policies

Urban planning strategies that aim to control sprawl and create sustainable, livable communities.

mixed-use zoning

Zoning that allows for multiple uses (residential, commercial, industrial) in the same space, instead of separating them.

new urbanism

A movement in urban planning that promotes walkable neighborhoods, a variety of housing and jobs, and sustainable communities.

slow-growth cities

Cities that purposely slow the rate of development and population growth to avoid sprawl and maintain quality of life.

urban growth boundary

A regional boundary set to control urban sprawl by limiting how far cities can expand.

greenbelt

A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit urban sprawl.

de facto segregation

Segregation that happens not because of laws, but because of social, economic, and other factors.

redlining

A discriminatory practice where banks refused to lend money or provide services to residents of certain neighborhoods based on race or ethnicity.

blockbusting

A process where real estate agents convince white homeowners to sell their houses cheaply because of fear that racial minorities will soon move into the neighborhood.

zones of abandonment

Areas in a city that have been deserted for economic or environmental reasons.

eminent domain

The right of a government to take private property for public use, often with compensation to the owner.

environmental injustice

When environmental hazards disproportionately affect minority or poor communities.

urban renewal

Programs where cities identify blighted areas, acquire the properties, and redevelop the sites to improve the city.

regional planning

Planning done across multiple cities and towns to coordinate growth, transportation, and land use at a larger scale.

brownfields

Abandoned industrial sites that may contain hazardous waste and require cleanup before they can be redeveloped.