BIOL1611_FinalReview_2024

Abiotic Factors

Biotic Factors

Scales at which they can exist

energy pyramids

food webs

fractional Trophic levels (quantifying)

Trophic Cascade

Mean

The average is a central value that represents a group. The sum of a set of values is divided by the number of values in the set.

variance

How much the data differs from the mean. How spread out the data is. The average of the squared differences between each data point and the mean. The higher the variance the higher the spread with respect to the mean.

standard deviation

A measure of the amount of variation in a set of values. How much the data differs from the mean in the original units. It is the square root of the variance. The higher the standard deviation the higher the spread of the values with respect to the mean.

The normal distribution

is a probability distribution that is symmetric about the mean, showing that data near the mean are more frequent in occurrence than data far from the mean. It follows a bell-shaped curve.

Measuring things

Length , mass, volume, and temperature area, heat, pressure, etc.

T-test

A statistical test used to compare the means of two groups to determine if they are significantly different from each other.

P-values

True value under the null hypothesis and most likely observation

Shapiro Wilks

Tests for normality. The null hypothesis assumes the data is normally distributed. Typically reject or accept null based on p-value

Stabilizing selection

Directional selection

diversifying selection

character displacement

relaxed selection

gene

allele

genotype

phenotype

phenotypic plasticity

canalization

box plots

nuisance variables

a variable that can affect the outcome of an experiment but is not the main focus of the study. They can be uncontrolled sources of variation that introduce bias or noise into an experiment.

microscope

scale of phenotypes

stomatal density

hypothesis testing

The null hypothesis is the default position which states that there is no effect or relationship between the variables. It is the claim that researchers are trying to disprove. An alternative hypothesis is a hypothesis that researchers are trying to prove. It suggests that there is an effect or relationship between variables.

cellular respiration process and equation

carbonic acid formation

Types of Respiration

biotic and abiotic factors effecting respiration

phenolphthalein as an indicator

this is used as an indicator for pH change and is an indirect measurement

indirect measurements

gathering data about one or more variable to represent a second variable that is difficult to measure directly

F-test

This is used to compare the variance of two groups to see if they have equal or unequal variance.

F-statistic

variance

open vs. closed circulation

choosing the appropriate model

One sample t-test

difference between the means of a sample group and a standard group

Independent samples t-test

Difference between two groups. Between subjects

Paired Samples t-test

Between same individuals before and after.