EDUCATION - PUPILS’ SEXUAL AND GENDER IDENTITIES

What is a double standard?

When one set of moral standards is placed on one group, but not on the other

What do feminist double standards as?

An example of patriarchal ideology that justifies male power and devalues women

Why is there such a difference in boys and girls sexual conquests? Where does this come from?

No long-term consequences for a boy, demonstrates boys, masculinity and power, in the past men have multiple partners, based on his historic stereotypes, no sex before marriage, girls not seen as a relationship or marriage material, virginity was admirable

Who came up the idea of "hegemonic masculinity"?

Bob Conell

What is "hegemonic masculinity"?

The idea that heterosexual men have power and dominance over women

What do heterosexual men believe about gay men?

That they are not "real" men

Why do boys tend to use name-calling?

To put girls down

Who came up with the idea of "slags" and "drags"?

Sue Lees

Who were the "slags", and who were the "drags"?

Slags - sexually open

Drags - closed off

Do boys label girls if they are sexually open or if they're not sexually open?

Both

Andrew Parker fund that boys were labeled "gay" for what reasons?

Being friendly with girls or female teachers (not related to sexual orientation)

Who came up with the idea of male gaze?

Martin Mac an Ghaill

What is the male gaze?

The way, male pupils and teachers look girls up and down and see them a sexual object that makes judgments about their appearances

What does Mac an Ghaill says the male gaze does to femininity?

Devalues femininity

How do boys prove their masculinity?

Telling their friends stories about their sexual conquests

Are these sexual conquest always true?

No - boys tend to lie

How were boys who did not display their heterosexuality treated?

Labelled as gay

What was Mac an Ghaill's study?

Found the male pair groups put boys under pressure to not take schoolwork seriously

• working class boys didn’t make any effort and more interested in messing around

• Middle class boys behind the scenes would succeed but not in public

What did Mac an Ghaill's study conclude?

• not working hard as seen as part of working class masculinity

• not seen working hard as part of middle class masculinity

Which other study does this one link to?

Paul Willis - "the lads"

What identities do girls construct?

"Nike identities"

What are some examples of "Nike identities" in today's society?

White fox, Hoodrich, Zavetti Canada

What are "Nike identities"?

Girls wearing brand clothes that makes them appear popular and gaining some status

What do female students call other girls that do not conform to these "Nike identities"?

Tramps

What does an "idealized feminine identity" mean?

Showing loyalty to their friends

How are girls loyal to their friends?

Girl code - not dating their friends exes or someone their friend likes

How can we AO3 at this point?

Just a heterosexual relationships - is it the same the same sex relationships?

What does "a sexualized identity" mean?

Competing for boys in a dating culture

If girls are too competitive, what does this risk than being called/treated?

Slut shamed by their friends

However, if girls don't compete for their boyfriends, how are they treated/called?

Frigid shamed by their friends

What is it called when girls who want to be successful may feel the need to conform to the schools "feminine identity"?

Boffin identity

What were the girls labeled if they lack an interest in boyfriends and popular fashion?

Asexual

What did middle class "boffins" refer to working class girls as?

Chavs

Is this still an accurate representation of girls in school nowadays?

Yes, to some extent - does still happen in today's society

What did teachers tell boys off for?

"behaving like girls"

Did teachers ignore or respond to boys verbal abuse towards girls?

Ignored - blamed girls for attracting negative attention

What stereotypes are being taught to boys and girls here?

Boys can misbehave (" boys will be boys"), and boys will face less punishments for name-calling, as it is also condone by teachers (male), implies that males have to rescue women who " cannot cope", makes girls feel inferior (however they do perform better in school)