Innate Immunity

The external defences are the first line of defence which are?

• Omnipresent to fight against invasion from pathogens

Epithelial membranes cover?

• All surfaces of the body,

• From the skin to the lungs.

The skin prevents the movement of a pathogen into?

• Underlying Tissue.

The stomach contains what for protection?

• Highly Acidic Solution.

• Which kills most bacteria.

What aids defense of the respiratory tract?

• Mucus which slows the movement of the pathogen.

• allowing more time for the infection to be killed.

The secreted mucus is moved back up towards the mouth by the?

• Wavelike Movements

• of the Cilia on the Apical surface of the Epithelial cell.

Macrophages present in the Alveoli can destroy?

• Aspirated Pathogens.

Once the External barrier is breached what now takes over ?

• Internal defences of the innate immune response

• that attempts to inhibit the invasion/spread of infection

The innate defenses are always present but require?

• Activatio

The phagocytic cells of the innate immune system are able to distinguish between?

• Between Body Tissue “Self” & Foreign Tissue “Non Self”.

Pathogens have antigens on their surface called?

• Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns

• PAMP’s

The phagocytic cells of the innate immune system recognise and bind to these?

• PAMP’s

• and begin Activation of Internal Defenses.

Neutrophils are often destroyed during …. and create ….

• Neutrophils are often destroyed during Phagocytosis and create Pus

What Cytokine causes a Fever?

• Pyrogen

Fever increases Neutro…?

• Neutrophil activity

• and reduces Blood Iron Plasma Concentration

The Reduction in Blood Iron Plasma concentration is an effective mechanism for?

• Reducing Bacterial Activity.

• Also promotes Interferons Production

Interferons are activated when?

• Body becomes infected with a Viral Infection.

• These interferons act as
  messengers that protect other cells in the local vicinity from viral infection

Interferons inhibit?

• Ability of a Virus to further infect other cells.

Interferons produce a non …

• Non specific short acting resistance to Viral Infection.

• Virus can still enter cells but is unable to replicate.

What are Natural Killer (NK) Cells ?

• Detects Pathogen? Triggers Apoptosis.

• Lymphocytes. Apart of Innate Immune System

• Unlike Phagocytic cells NK’s don’t Phagocytose.

Before NK cells are fully effective they must be?

• Activated by a Cytokine called “Interferon-A”.

NK cells contain intracellular?

• Intracellular Granules with Protein.

NK cells, WHat is the function of Intracellular Granules with Proteins?

• Capable of targeting cells.

• And destroying through cell to cell targeting

nK cells also have receptors
on their cell surface that interact with a person’s

• Own cells to provide a tolerance to “self cells” and autoimmune attack

What does Perforin mean?

• Proteins capable of forming large pores in the plasma membrane of a target cell.

• These large pores inhibit the ability of the target cell to regulate its Internal environment resulting in destruction of the target cell.

The complement system is what causes the?

• Physical Destruction of the Cell.

When activated the complement proteins can?

• Bind to the surface of the Pathogen Cell.

Insertion of complement proteins into the pathogen cell surface enables to formation of a large structure called the?

• Membrane Attack Complex

The membrane attack complex consists
of large proteins inserted into the?

• The Plasma Membrane

• Forming a significant hole in the pathogen.

• This prevents the cell from being able to regulate its intracellular
  environment as ions, proteins and other large structures diffuse in and out of the cell at will

Loss of Ionic control destroys?

• The ability of a cell to regulate cell function.

• Results in Cellular Destruction.

Inflammation:

When a pathogen enters the underlying connective tissue, it is recognised by?

• By local Phagocytic Cells binding to PAMP’s on the cell surface.

Inflammation:

Local macrophages and mast cells
release cytokines that attract more

• Attract more Phagocytic Cells to the Region.

Inflammation:
Activation of the complement system also promotes mast cells to release?

• Heparin, Histamine and Serotonin

Inflammation:

The release of Heparin, Histamine & Serotine leads to?

• Widespread Vasodilation

• SEPSIS Problem me thinks

Inflammation:

Contraction of capillary endothelial cells makes the capillary more?

• Permeable for Extravasation

• Local Oedema (Swelling) Occurs as blood plasma leaks out of capillaries.

Inflammation:
Neutrophils arrive at the site of?

• Neutrophils arrive first.

• Then monocytes,

Inflammation:

Macrophages are more efficient at removing

• Pathogenic Factors

Inflammation:

Lymphocytes of the specific immune system arrive?

• Arrive last but are highly specialised at Destroying specific pathogens.