spring final 2025 review: cell theory and genetics

Cell theory

A scientific theory that describes the properties of cells

Who discovered and named cells

Robert Hooke

Prokaryotic cells

Cells that are about 1/1000th the size of eukaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic

Cells that contain a nucleus

Germ theory disease

Created by dr. Rudolf virchow stating that all cells come from pre-existing cells

Smooth ER

An organelle specialized to produce large quantities of lipids

Lysosome

An organelle responsible for carrying out a cell’s programmed death

Diffusion

Random movement of molecules from high to low concentration

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a membrane

Chloroplasts

Organelle that contain enzymes necessary to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using light

Cell membrane

A selectively permeable structure that provides a boundary between the internal and external environments

Ribosomes

Organelles involves in protein production

Active transport

That requires ATP (energy)

Facilitated

Process performed by proteins in a cell membrane

Hypertonic

A solution with a higher concentration of solute compared to another solution

Isotonic

A solution with t he same concentration of solute as another solution

The father of modern genetics

Gregor Mendel

Credited with discovering the structure and function of the DNA molecule

Watson and crick

Double helix

The shape of the DNA molecule

Adenine

If a DNA molecule has 20% adenine, the expected percentage. Of guanine would be 30%

Nucleotide

Composed of three parts:

1. ribose

2. Phosphate

3. Nitrogen group

DNA

Made of two complementary strands that determine the sequence of amino acids in protein

Asexual repoduction

Occurs for reasons other than increased variation

DNA replication

Occurs in the nucleus and produces two indentical olecules

Base pair matching rules

Key to ensuring that only identical molecules are produces during DNA replication

Daughter cells

After a cell divides, each daughter cell is smaller and has the same DNA

Cytokinesis

Occurs during stage #6 of the cell cycle

Cell cycle