4.1 to 4.3 flashcards imported from quizlet

primogeniture laws

English laws that only led eldest sons inherit land, leading younger sons to search for money via things like joint-stock companies.

Omani-European Rivalry

porteguese vs the omani over the muslim controlled indian ocean trade. also the reason for christopher columbus's search for a new trade

maritime empires

Systems of political/economic control that employ naval roots as their main arteries of connectivity

Prince Henry the navigator

The first European monarch to sponsor seafaring expeditions, to search for an all water route to the east as well as for African gold

caravel

a small, fast Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship of the 15th-17th centuries.

Merchantilism

Economic system that was developed in Europe. Based on the idea of a country exporting more than they can import

Trading post empire

was given to Portugal. It's to ensure control of trade, establish a monopoly over the spice trade in the area, and to license all vessels trading

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator that lead the Spanish ships became the first to circumnavigate the globe when the government sponsored the voyage

galleons

Spanish ships that made stops in the Philippines

Northwest passage

A water route through or around North America that will lead to East Asia and the trade and spices and luxury goods

Columbian exchange

How dramatic changes in population and biodiversity. It contributed to a changing global economy, sometimes with unintended consequences

Engenhos

Sugar plantations that process so much sugar. means engines in Portuguese. Had a horrible working conditions that it lost 5 to 10% of labor force per year

Cash crop

Grown for sale rather than substance

African diaspora

Dispersion of Africans out of Africa. Enslaved Africans retained some aspects of their culture

creole

Combined European colonizers languages with parts of the west African languages to create new languages known as creole. Also Spaniards born in the Americans

The magnetic compass

Originally created in China for fortune-telling, help steer ship in the right direction

the astrolabe

Improved by Muslim navigators in the 12th century, let's sailors find out their position based on the equator

The Caravel

Small three-masted ship developed by Portuguese and 15th century, allowed sailors to survive storms better than earlier ships

Cartography

Also known as map making, helped sailors navigate

What motivations pushed Europeans into exploration and trade

1. as the population grew not all workers could find work or food

2)Primogeniture laws

- not all signs of wealthy could only end, Estates went to the oldest son

3)Religious minorities

searched for a place to settle where they would be treated with tolerance

How did rivalries develop as more Europeans join the Indian Ocean trade network

The Portuguese set up forts in a omen but we're repeatedly challenged by attempts to remove them. The Omani European rivalry was one reason for Christopher Columbus is search for a new route to India

The Omani European rivalry led to Columbus is searching for a new route to India what did his boy is it voyages get from the following:America's, Africa, Asia

America's:sugar tobacco and rum

africa:

The purchased enslaved people

asia:

Purchase silk, spices, and rhubarb

How does the extensive trade impact in Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, France, and Holland

They become maritime empires

Explain how western European countries develop naval technology as a combination of all the new practices

They combined the knowledge of using the stars to navigate by the Greeks with new ideas developed by Islamic ideas diffused in Europe

How are the following impactful in the creation of these practices in trade routes: al-andalus and Prince Henry the navigator

al-andalus-what is new Spain, was a place where is Lemic ideas to diffused into Europe

Prince Henry the navigator-Portugal

explored African coastal communities and kingdoms before other European powers

How did newtons discovery of gravitation and astronomical charts impact trade and travel

newtons discovery of gravitation:Increase the knowledge of tights, as a result sailors could predict when the depths of the water near sure was decreasing

astronomical charts-

Marinas relied on these maps to guide ships direction, especially before the introduction of the compass

What Did the carrack looks like and what was it used by

Square and lateen sales/mass, made for a trade and used by Portugal

what was the Fluyt Used for and what did it look like

Square sales, used for trade, used by the Dutch

What did the Caravel look like and what was it used babe

lateen sail, made for a long voyages at great speed, used by Portugal/spain

what did the lateen sail look like and what was it used for

Ship sail in the shape of a triangle used by arab sailors in the Indian ocean first; could catch wind on either side of the ship

Discuss the long-term results of the techniques on exploration: exploration, gun powder, Islam, in Africa

exploration, rapid exploration and global trade

gun powder:

aided Europeans in their conquest abroad

Africa

:Islam spread rapidly as a result in the growth of the Ab basid empire, it brought extensive trade in new technology

For the longest time,________had a monopoly on the European trade with Asia

Mediterranean

How did the monopoly on European trade with asia push Spain, Portugal, France, England, in the Netherlands

The Italians control them which drove them into the search for a new trade routes to Asia

European states wanted to expand their authority and control of resources. The motives for these conquest for power were conquest, rivalries, Christians what did these lead to

conquest: three taxes, new trading opportunities, and silver

rivalries:

lead to European states expanding to claim territory before others

Christian's:

lead Europeans to seek out people in other lands and convert them

How did states measure wealth? What theory is this

by how much gold or silver a country had. The theory is Merchantilism

Who are the way in European exploration at first. Where did it expands who and why was it successful

Portugal with Mary time innovations

What was the significance of Prince Henry the navigator

He was the first European monaren to sponsor seafaring expeditions

What was the significance of batholomew Diaz

Sailed around southern trip of Africa

What was the significance of Vasco da Gama

Landed in India to claim for Portugal; made Portuguese ports for trade

What was the significance of afonso de albuquerque

Ruthless Portuguese admiral won battles with arabs

How how China is Rall changed after zheng he? How did the presence of Portugal and Impact China

Their expiration and did a little impact but they sought religious conversion heavily in China

How did the Portuguese try to control their trade networks? Summarize their efforts; what resources they specifically intend to control

constructed series of ports; became a trading post empire; they wanted spice trade control and ship license Malacea

Describe the issues that made Portugal vulnerable. Who began challenging them in east Asia during this time

Small nation; lacking workers and ships. ignorance to get out. Dutch an English challenged

Explain the significance of Spanish ships were is there a great success? Who proved that this could be done

first to circumnavigate the globe.ferdinand magelion

The spanish annexed the Philippines in 1521 and return to conquer the Filipinos in 1565. How does this impact Manila and the Filipino specifically specifically

Became Spanish commercial center attracting Chinese merchants; many Filipinos became a Christian

What rekindled European interests in America? What did the Europeans realize

When the came in contact with the aztecs and the Incas

Explain how various states utilized silver, making it a dominant force in the global economy

European treated silver for luxury goods

Chinese main form of currency

manila galleons were silver

What were the French his primary goals, people of importance, and other important info

Primary goals: Northwest passageard gold

people of importance: jacques cartier samuel de champlain

other important info-

rarely settled permanently, traded with Native Americans and had a better relationship with them, claimed much of North America for France

What were the English primary goals, people of importance, and other important info

primary goals: to look for a Northwest passage

people of importance: John Cabot

other important info: England defeated and destroyed all but 1/3 of the Spanish Armada

What were the Dutchs primary goal, people of importance, other important info

primary goal: Northwest passage

people with importance: Henry Hudson he explored North America, found Hudson river

another important info:Claimed island of Manhattan treated as far north as Canada sent manufactured goods all through America's

What was the Columbian exchange

The linking process through which the eastern and western hemisphere's shared disease, food, and animals

Explain why the indigenous liked the immunities the Europeans had. What was the relationship between the western and eastern hemisphere's before contact with one another

They had been completely isolated from each other so they need us had no exposure to the germs from Europe and had not build immunity

What else begin to settle in the Americas, along with Colin us? How did this further the decline of the indigenous

Insects and rats, they carry diseases like measles, influenza, Ionalaria, and smallpox

Why was Indigenous people are settling in the Americas one of the greatest population disasters in human history

Indigenous population dropped by about 50% in one century; some lost up to 90% of their local population

What was the significance of the eastern hemisphere

pigs, cows, wheat, grapes: the indigenous people knew nothing of these before hand

Horses: transformed the cultures of American Indians living in the planes

What was the significance in the western hemisphere

Maze, potatoes, tomatoes, beans, peppers, cacao: they were brought to Europe in cars population growth due to popularity

Which cash crop did Portugal focus on growing. Where did it need to grow it

Sugarcane, Brazil

Explain why Portugal had a labor shortage for his cash crop? What was their solution?

Labor shortage due to decrease in native population; enslaved African people

What was the transatlantic slave trade? Where were most of the sleaves sent describe the conditions

African laborers brought to the Americas-Brazil-horrible working condition, poor nutrition, heat, and disease