Biochemistry

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76 Terms

1
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what is the functional group of alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones?

alcohols= oh
aldehydes= cho
ketones= co

2
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what are two features of amphipathic biomolecules?

polar functional groups and hydrophobic regions

3
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why do polar molecules dissolve in water?

Because they form hydrogen bonds with water molecules

4
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what are salt bridges?

interactions between charged amino acids

5
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the hydrolysis of glycogen involves...

the transfer of glycosyl groups to water

6
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Define "Ion-Product Constant for Water (Kw)"

the product of the concentrations of the hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in water

7
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who introduced the term pH?

Sorensen (1909)

8
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how do we calculate the pH of a solution?

1) calculate the hydrogen ion concentration
2) calculate the base 10 logarithm of [H+]
3) pH is the negative of the value in step 2.

9
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low pH values correspond to...

high concentrations of [H+]

10
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high pH values correspond to...

low concentrations of [H+]

11
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what is the expression for the dissociation constant (Ka)?

pKa= -logKa

12
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the smaller the value of pKa...

the stronger the acid

13
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What does the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation describe?

behaviour of weak acids and buffers

14
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how can we observe the effect of dielectric constant on pKa?

by adding ethanol to water

15
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why does the pKa of a carboxylic acid increase?

because ethanol decreases the ability of water to solvate a charged species

16
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why are hydrogen bonds important in water?

they account for the surface tension, viscosity, liquid state (at room temp), and solvent power of water

17
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which compounds can serve as hydrogen bond donors and/or acceptors?

ones that contain O or N

18
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what does pKa express?

the strength of a weak acid

19
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what do buffers do?

resist changes in pH when protons are produced or consumed

20
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what are amino acids?

they are the building blocks of proteins

21
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What are the many functions of proteins?

nerve transmission, biosynthesis of porphyrins, purines, pyrimidines and urea

22
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what are amino acids necessary for?

infant growth, and to maintain adult health

23
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what is the role of enzymes and polypeptiide hormones?

regulation of metabolism in the body

24
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collagen function

forms a framework for the deposition of calcium phosphate crystals

25
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the alpha carbon of an amino acid is...

chiral

26
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why are amino acids colourless?

they do not absorb visible light

27
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most proteins absorb light in the region of...

280nm

28
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what are globular protein structure?

compact, roughly spherical and have axial ratios of not over 3

29
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what conformation should a protein have?

functionally efficient and physically strong

30
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water is...

an excellent nucleophile and reactant/product in metabolic reactions

31
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what does the regulation of water depend on?

ADH, evaporative loss, hypothalamic mechanisms that control thirst

32
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what is a dipole?

molecule with electrical charge distributed asymmetrically about its structure

33
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why is water an ideal biologic solvent?

its strong dipole ad high dielectric constant enable water to dissolve large quantities of charged compounds (e.g. salts)

34
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what can water serve simultaneously as?

a hydrogen donor and a hydrogen acceptor

35
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what is the strongest force to hold molecules together?

covalent bonds

36
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what is significant about noncovalent forces of macromolecules?

the structure, stability, and functional competence

37
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what happens as the force of interaction between interacting species increases?

the distance between them decreases until they are separated by VDW contact distance

38
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what is an electrophile?

An electron pair acceptor

39
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what is a nucleophile?

An electron pair donor

40
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what is another name for an electrophile?

Lewis acid

41
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what is another name for a nucleophile?

Lewis base

42
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what reactions can electrophiles undergo?

electrophilic addition and electrophilic substitution

43
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what reactions can nucleophiles undergo?

nucleophilic addition and nucleophilic substitution

44
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what are the three common types of hydrolysis?

salt, acid, and base

45
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define pH

the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration

46
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what profoundly influences the pKa of a functional group?

the surrounding medium

47
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structure of proteins

carboxyl groups, primary amino group, and distinctive side chain (R group) bonded to the alpha carbon atom

48
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Why is proline unique?

has a secondary amino group

49
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the carboxyl group dissociates to form...

a negatively charged carboxylate ion

50
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the amino group is...

protonated

51
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What does polar mean?

even distribution of electrons

52
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what does the nature of the side chains dictate?

the role of the amino acid that plays in a protein

53
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how many celenoproteins do humans contain?

two dozen

54
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dextrorotatory...

right handed

55
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levorotatory...

left handed

56
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how do the -COOH and -NH3 exist?

in dynamic protonic equilibrium

57
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amino acids may have...

positive, negative, or zero net charge

58
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molecules with zero net charge are called...

zwitterions

59
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pKa values express...

the strengths of weak acids

60
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define configuration

the geometric relationship between a given set of atoms

61
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Define conformation

3D structure of a molecule

62
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metalloproteins contain...

tightly associated metal ions

63
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what is biochemistry?

the study of chemical processes in living organisms

64
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what is the objective of biochemistry?

to understand at the molecular level all of the chemical processes associated with living things

65
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Define health

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

66
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what does health depend on?

a harmonious balance of biochemical reactions in the body

67
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according to biochemistry, what causes disease?

abnormalities in biomolecules, biochemical reactions and processes

68
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what is the mass number?

Number of protons and neutrons

69
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what is the atomic number?

number of protons

70
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why is water important in the body?

The body's vital processes take place in water; chemical reactions, blood, perspiration

71
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why is the dipolar structure of water important?

has the capacity to form hydrogen bonds

72
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entropic forces dictate that...

macromolecules expose polar regions to an aqueous interface and bury nonpolar regions

73
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which three things participate in maintaining molecular structure?

salt bridges, hydrophobic interactions, and VDW forces

74
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name three physiologic buffers?

bicarbonate, orthophosphate, and proteins

75
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immunoglobulins function

fight diseases

76
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what is the physiologic pH?

7.4