Contingency Tables

Contingency Table

A special type of frequency distribution table that summarizes the relationship between two qualitative variables.

Row Variable

The variable represented on the rows of a contingency table.

Column Variable

The variable represented on the columns of a contingency table.

Qualitative Variables

Types of variables that classify data into categories rather than numerical values.

Survey Research

A method of collecting information by asking individuals questions.

Business Intelligence

Technologies and strategies for analyzing data to inform business decisions.

Chi-square Test

A statistical test used to determine if there is a significant association between two categorical variables.

Conditional Probability

The probability of an event given that another event has occurred.

Probability

A measure of the likelihood that an event will occur.

Independence in Statistics

A situation where the occurrence of one event does not affect the probability of another event.

Sample Size

The number of observations or data points collected in a study.

Democrat

A member of the Democratic Party, a political party in the United States.

Republican

A member of the Republican Party, a political party in the United States.

Independent (voter)

A voter who does not affiliate with a political party.

Gender

The state of being male or female.

Location of Residence

The geographic area where individuals live.

Probability of Being Female

The likelihood that a randomly selected customer is female.

Probability of Living in an Apartment

The likelihood that a randomly selected customer lives in an apartment.

Probability of Male in Dorm

The likelihood that a randomly selected customer is male and lives in the dorm.

Sorority/Fraternity House

Housing for students who are members of a sorority or fraternity.

Major (in education)

An academic discipline that a student focuses on during their studies.

Natural Sciences

A branch of science that studies natural phenomena.

Social Sciences

A branch of academic disciplines that study human society and social relationships.

Humanities

Academic disciplines that study aspects of human culture.

Random Sample

A subset of individuals chosen from a larger set, where each individual has an equal chance of being selected.

Sample Distribution

The distribution of a sample of data obtained from a population.

Probability of Female in Social Sciences

The likelihood that a randomly selected student is female and has a major in social sciences.

Probability of Humanities given Male

The likelihood that a student has a major in humanities, given that they are male.

Probability of Natural Sciences

The likelihood that a randomly selected student has a major in natural sciences.

Probability of Male

The likelihood that a randomly selected student is male.

Data Analysis

The process of inspecting, cleansing, and modeling data to discover useful information.

Two-way Table

Another term for a contingency table, showing the relationship between two categorical variables.

Statistical Independence

When two events have no influence on each other.

Survey Data

Information collected from individuals through surveys.

Data Summarization

The process of reducing detailed data to its main points.

Survey Sampling

The method of selecting a subset of individuals from a population for a survey.

Total in Contingency Table

The grand total should equal the sample size and represent all the records.

Probability Theory

A mathematical framework for quantifying uncertainty.

Two-way Frequency Distribution

Another way to describe a contingency table, which displays counts of combinations of two variables.

Sample Proportion

The proportion of a specific characteristic within a sample.

Row and Column Totals

The sums of the values in each row and each column of a contingency table.

Statistical Significance

A determination that an observed effect is likely not due to chance.

Chi-square Test for Independence

Used to determine if there is a significant association between two categorical variables.

Survey Research Design

The framework that guides the collection and analysis of survey data.

Sampling Error

The error that occurs when a sample does not represent the population from which it was drawn.

Descriptive Statistics

Statistics that summarize data from a sample without making inferences about the population.

Inferential Statistics

Statistics that use a random sample of data to make inferences about the larger population.

Statistical Analysis

The process of collecting and analyzing data to identify patterns, correlations, or trends.

Null Hypothesis

A general statement that there is no relationship between two measured phenomena.

Alternative Hypothesis

A statement that indicates the presence of a relationship between two measured phenomena.

Data Collection Methods

Techniques used to gather data for analysis.

Sampling Techniques

Methods used to select individuals from a population for study.

Quantitative Data

Data that can be measured and expressed numerically.

Qualitative Data

Data that can be observed but not measured, often descriptive.

Contingency Analysis

Examination of the relationship between two categorical variables.

Study Population

The entire group that a researcher is interested in studying.

Sample Characteristics

The features or qualities that define the individuals in a sample.

Frequency Distribution Table

A table that displays the frequency of various outcomes in a sample.

Cross-tabulation

A method to quantitatively analyze the relationship between multiple variables.

Statistical Methods

Techniques used in the analysis of data to draw conclusions.

Data Visualization

The graphical representation of information and data.

Research Framework

The structure that guides the approach to conducting a study.

Qualitative Research

Research that aims to understand human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior.

Quantitative Research

Research that focuses on quantifying relationships and causal effects.

Research Design

The overall strategy used to integrate the different components of a study.

Predictive Analysis

The practice of extracting information from existing data to determine future probabilities.

Statistical Software

Computer programs used for statistical analysis of data.

Sampling Distribution

A probability distribution of a statistic obtained from a larger population.

Statistical Model

A representation of data generated through a statistical process.

Data Interpretation

The process of making sense of numeric or categorical data.

P-value

A function of the observed sample results that is used to determine the significance of a statistical hypothesis.

Type I Error

The error made when rejecting a true null hypothesis.

Type II Error

The error made when failing to reject a false null hypothesis.

Survey Instrument

A tool used to collect data, such as questionnaires.

Data Normalization

The process of organizing data to reduce redundancy.

Confidence Interval

A range of values that is likely to contain the population parameter with a certain level of confidence.

Descriptive Data Analysis

Summarizes and describes the characteristics of a dataset.

Statistical Significance Level

The threshold used to determine whether to reject the null hypothesis.