Anatomy and Physiology- Chapter 1

Axial portion

head, neck, trunk

Appendicular portion

upper and lower limbs

Cranial cavity

houses brain

Vertebral cavity(spinal cavity)

contains spinal cord

Thoracic Cavity

houses lungs and thoracic viscera

Abdominopelvic cavity

contains abdominal and pelvic viscera

Diaphram

muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Mediastinum

region between lungs in thoracic cavity, which contains heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland

Abdominal cavity

extends from diaphragm to top of pelvis, and contains stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys small intestine, most of large intestine

Pelvic cavity

enclosed by pelvic bones, and contains end of large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs

Small cavities in the head

oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear cavities

serous membranes

membranes that secrete fluid which prevents friction between layers

Visceral layers

inner layer, covers an organ

Parietal layer

outer layer, which lines wall of cavity

pleura

thin membrane that lines your chest wall and cushions your lungs

pericardium

double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels.

peritoneum

a thin serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers most of the organs within it

Integumentary system

Body covering, protection, body temperature regulation, sensory reception, production of Vitamin D

Skeletal system

Support and movement, framework, protection, attachment sites, storage of inorganic salts, production of blood cells

Muscular system

Support and movement, main source of body heat, of posture

Nervous system

Integration and coordination of organ function through nerve impulses and neurotransmitters; rapid short-term effects

endoctrine system

Integration and coordination of organ function through chemical messengers called hormones; slower, longer-lasting effects

Cardiovascular system

Transportation of gases, nutrients, blood cells, hormones and wastes

Lymphatic system

Transportation of fluids from tissue spaces to blood, carries fats from digestive system to blood, and defends body against infection

Digestive system

Receives food, breaks down food, absorbs digestion products, excretes waste

Respiratory system

Moves air in and out of body, exchanges gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood and air; absorbs oxygen

Urinary system

Removes blood wastes, regulates electrolyte & water balance and blood pressure, produces urine and excretes it by transporting it to outside of body

Reproductive system

Male and female systems produce and transport sex cells, produce hormones, and produce new like organisms. 

Female also provides for fetal development and childbirth.

Anatomical position

Standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward

Anatomical terms of relative position are based on a person standing in anatomical position.

Superior

above

Inferior

below

Anterior or ventral

toward the front

Posterier or dorsal

toward the back

medial

toward the midline

lateral

away from midline

bilateral

paired structures; on both sides

Ipsilateral

same side

contralateral

opposite sides

proximal

close to point of attachment to trunk

distal

farther from point of attachment

superficial

close to body surface

deep

more internal

sagittal section

 longitudinal cut that divides body into left and right portions

Mid-sagittal/Median section

divides body into equal left and right portions

Parasagittal section

sagittal section lateral to midline; divides body into unequal left and right portions

Transverse or horizontal section

divides body into superior and inferior portions

Coronal or Frontal section

longitudinal cut that divides body into anterior and posterior portions

Cross section

A cut across the structure

Oblique section

 An angular cut

longitudinal section

A lengthwise cut

right upper quadrant (RUQ)

top right section

right lower quadrant

lower right section

Left upper quadrant

top left section

Left lower quadrant

lower left quadrant

Epigastric region

upper middle portion

hypochronradic

on right and left sides of epigastric region

umbilical region

central portion

lateral (lumbar)

on right and left sides of umbilical region

Pubic (hypogastric)

lower middle portion

Inguinal (iliac)

on right and left sides of pubic region

Visceral

inner layer, which covers and organ

parietal layer

outer layer, which lines the wall of a cavity

Intracellular

inside cell

Extracellular

outside cell

interstitial space

between cells; space within tissues

cardiovascular space

within blood vessels

edema

occurs cells are damaged and release fluid

Gradients and permeability

cells move from high to low, down pressure and concentration gradients, across permeable membranes; movements across membranes

concentration gradients

diffusion, move from high concentration to low concentration

Hydrostatic pressure

water moves towards the side of lower pressure

concentration gradient

water moves towards the greater concentration of solutes

cellular differentiation

Specialization of cells due to gene expression

cell membrane mechanisms

determine the entry of substances, responds to signals

cell-to-cell communication

Via membrane receptors

Feedback loops (FBL)

Homeostasis mechanisms for stability, physiological mechanisms that maintain and regulate homeostasis

Negative feedback

decreases level of stimulus, maintains 90% of homesostasis

Positive feedback

increases stimulus

Balance

replacement of lost substances, elimination of excess

Energy processes

keep cells alive

characteristics of life

growth, reproduction, responsiveness, movement, metabolism

Growth

increase in cell numbers and size and increase in body size

reproduction

production of new cells and organisms

responsiveness

Reaction to a change inside or outside of the body

movement

Change in body position or location; motion of internal organs; key to life

metabolism

the sum of all chemical reactions in a living system: nutrient cycling and energy production

respiration

making energy, most organisms do it by taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide

digestion

breaking down food into usable nutrients for absorption into the blood

circulation

moving chemicals and cells through the body fluids; blood

excretion

removing waste products

carcinogen

anything that damages a cell

Requirements of an organism:

water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure

water

most abundant substance in body, environment for metabolic processes, required for transport of substances, regulation of body temperature

food

provides necessary nutrients to supply energy

oxygen

releases energy from food

heat

form of energy, helps maintain body temp, partly controls rate of metabolic reactions

pressure

application of force on an object; atmospheric pressure, hydrostatic pressure

Right hypochondriac region

right upper region

Epigastric region

top middle region

Left hypochondriac region

left upper region

right lateral (lumbar) region

right medial region