[MT] Immune SYstem pt.2 - Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Which innate immune cell has a multilobed nucleus and is the most common type?

Neutrophil

Which innate immune cell is primarily involved in bacterial infections and acute inflammation?

Neutrophil

Which innate immune cell produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill bacteria?

Neutrophil

In which condition is a decreased lifespan of neutrophils observed?

Starvation

Which innate immune cell has a bilobed nucleus and stains bright red with eosin dye?

Eosinophil

Which innate immune cell is weakly phagocytic and involved in parasitic infections and allergies?

Eosinophil

Which innate immune cell is highly phagocytic for antigen-antibody (immune) complexes?

Eosinophil

Which innate immune cell has a bilobed/trilobed nucleus and densely basophilic (blue) granules?

Basophil

Which innate immune cell is the least common and produces histamine, heparin, bradykinin, and serotonin?

Basophil

Which immune cell's degranulation leads to clinical manifestations of allergy and anaphylaxis?

Mast Cell

Which innate immune cell has a large, kidney-shaped nucleus and ground-glass cytoplasm?

Monocyte

Which innate immune cell is the largest of the WBCs and matures into macrophages in tissues?

Monocyte

Which immune cell is activated by interferon-gamma and phagocytizes cellular debris and old RBCs?

Macrophage

Which immune cell acts as an antigen-presenting cell (APC) via MHC II?

Macrophage

Which immune cell has a long lifespan (months to years) compared to monocytes?

Macrophage

Which small, biconvex, non-nucleated cell is derived from megakaryocytes and involved in hemostasis?

Platelet

What is the lifespan of a platelet?

7-10 days

Is a platelet considered a white blood cell (WBC)?

No

When there is tissue damage (e.g., a splinter in the skin), the ---- response is immediately activated.

innate immune

when there is tissue injury and pathogen entry, mast cells realease ---

histamine

when histamine is released what happens to blood flow?

vasodilation (increased blood flow)

when histamine is released what happens to vessel permeability?

increased vasculat permeability (fluid and immune cells leak into the tissue)

when histamine is released what are the inflammation effects?

edness
swelling
heat
pain

Macrophages in the tissue recognize the pathogen within minutes and engulf microbes. What line of defense is this?

First Line - Tissue Macrophages

Neutrophils arrive quickly to perform phagocytosis of invading pathogens. What line of defense is this?

Second Line - Neutrophils

Monocytes arrive within 8 hours and differentiate into macrophages to continue pathogen elimination. What line of defense is this?

Third Line - Monocytes (Macrophage Precursors)

Dendritic cells and macrophages present antigens to T and B cells, taking 3-4 days to develop a targeted response. What line of defense is this?

Fourth Line - Adaptive Immunity Activation

Which immune cells respond to lipid and carbohydrate sequences in bacterial cell walls, as well as substances characteristic of tumor and transplant cells?

Cells of innate immunity (neutrophils, macrophages, NK cells)

What does the innate immune system recognize in microbial cell walls?

General patterns such as lipids and carbohydrates

How would you describe the speed and specificity of innate immunity?

Fast, but non-specific

main cell of adaptive immunity

lymphocytes

cell that is part of body's defense against cancer

lymphocytes

what kind of immuity Is caused by a special immune system that forms antibodies and/or activated lymphocytes that attack and destroy the specific invading organism or toxin

adapative immunity

what kind of immunity Produces antibodies or activated lymphocytes against specific antigens. Slower, but highly specific.

adaptive immunity

region of antibody that recognized and binds to specific antigen

Fab (Fragment antigen-binding) Region

region of antibody that Contains variable regions (V) → unique for each antibody.

Fab (Fragment antigen-binding) Region

region of antibody that is Recognized by effector cells (macrophages, neutrophils).

Fc (Fragment crystallizable) Region

region of antibody that Activates phagocytosis and inflammation.

Fc (Fragment crystallizable) Region

antibody chain that is Constant region determines the antibody isotype (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD).

Heavy Chain

antibody chain that is Constant region determines the antibody subclass (kappa or lambda).

Light Chain

type of immunoglobin: Most abundant immunoglobulin in the serum.

IgG

type of immunoglobin: Smallest antibody, allowing it to cross the placenta.

IgG

type of immunoglobin: Responsible for the secondary immune response.

IgG

type of immunoglobin: Monomeric structure (single unit).

IgG

type of immunoglobin: Activates complement.

IgG

type of immunoglobin: Opsonization (coating bacteria for easier phagocytosis).

IgG

type of immunoglobin: Neutralization of bacterial toxins and viruses.

IgG

two forms of IgA

Monomeric Forms
DImeric Form

In IgA what form is found in circulation?

Monomeric Form

In IgA what form is found in secretions, association with J-chains?

Dimeric Form

type of immunoglobin: Most produced antibody overall, but lower concentration in the serum.

IgA

type of immunoglobin: Found in mucosal secretions:
Intestinal secretions
Tears
Saliva
Breast milk
Peyer's patches (gut-associated lymphoid tissue)

IgA

type of immunoglobin: Does not activate complement.

IgA

type of immunoglobin: Prevents bacterial and viral attachment to mucosal surfaces.

IgA
IgD

Which immunoglobulin is the first antibody produced during an infection (Primary immune response)?

IgM

Which immunoglobulin has a pentameric structure, making it the largest antibody?

IgM

Which immunoglobulin is found on the surface of naïve B cells?

IgM, IgD

Which immunoglobulin has stronger complement activation than IgG due to its multiple binding sites?

IgM

Which immunoglobulin binds to mast cells and basophils?

IgE

Which immunoglobulin mediates Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions (Anaphylactic hypersensitivity)?

IgE

Which immunoglobulin plays a key role in allergic reactions?

IgE

Which immunoglobulin does not activate complement?

IgD

Which immunoglobulin works alongside IgM in B-cell activation?

IgD

Which immunoglobulin can cross the placenta and is involved in the secondary immune response and opsonization?

IgG

Which immunoglobulin is primarily found in secretions and provides mucosal defense?

IgA

Which immunoglobulin is the largest and is the first produced during the primary immune response?

IgM

Which immunoglobulin plays a major role in Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions and allergic responses?

IgE

Which immunoglobulin has an unclear function but is found on B cells?

IgD

The lymphatic system is responsible for transporting----------- back into blood circulation and housing immune cells.

interstitial fluid (lymph)

what transport lymph

lymphatic vessels

what contain lymphocytes

lymphoid organs

if excess interstitial fluid isn't drained, it leads to ----

edema

Lymphoid organs are divided into --- and --- lymphoid organs.

Primary
Secondary

Which lymphoid organs are responsible for the development and maturation of lymphocytes?

Primary Lymphoid Organs

Which primary lymphoid organ is responsible for producing and maturing B cells?

Bone Marrow

Which primary lymphoid organ is the site of T cell maturation?

Thymus

Which feature is this No immune response occurs here—only lymphocyte development?

Primary Lymphoid Organ

Which lymphoid organs are responsible for the activation and proliferation of lymphocytes in response to antigens?

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Which secondary lymphoid organ filters lymph and activates lymphocytes?

Lymph Nodes

Which secondary lymphoid organ filters blood and helps initiate immune responses?

Spleen

Which secondary lymphoid organ includes structures like tonsils, Peyer's patches, and the appendix?

Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

Which feature is this Immune responses occur here—antigens are recognized, leading to lymphocyte activation?

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Do secondary lymphoid organs produce precursor lymphoblasts?

No, only primary lymphoid organs do.

What does Secondary Lymphoid Organs contain which is important in imune response?

Lymphoid Follicles

What lymphoid organs where immune response occurs?

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

What lymphoid organs where no immune response occur?

Primary Lymphoid Organ