HOSA 2024: Early Childhood - 22%

Childhood Period

1-6 years (1-3=toddler) (3-6=preschool) physical growth slows and stabilizes

Developmental Tasks

receptive language and expressive language, social interaction skills, self-control and self-image/independence

Erikson Stage (1-4)

Autonomy vs shame or doubt

Erikson Stage (4-6)

Initiative vs. Guilt

Physical Changes 12-15 month

learning to walk, legs are bowed and feet strike the floor flat

Physical Changes 2 years

exaggerated lumbar curve of spine causes abdomen to protrude, knock-knee appearance, child can run, primary teeth erupted resulting in ossification

Physical Change: 3 years

posture is erect, can alternate feet when climbing stairs and riding tricycle

Physical Change: 4-5 years

Can hop and skip

Physical Change: 18 months

anterior fontanel of skull closes

Physical Change: 6-7 years

Myelination of neurons in the brain increases function and influences behavior and motor coordination

Neocortex

responsible for thought, emotion and high lever brain functions

Frontal lobes

memory, attention, behavior, emotions

Left Hemisphere

involved in language disorders, cerebral palsy, and deafness (language-rich interactive play and screening is important)

Toddler growth

gains 4-6lbs and grows 3'' per year, pincer grasp by age 1 and touch thumb to fingers by age 5

Growth and Development: age 4

increases during preschool reaching 20/20 vision, hearing is fully developed and good for speech development

Ear infections

eustachian tube connects middle ear to oropharynx

Toilet Training

sphincter control develops and child can communicate needs - age 3.5, falling in or being flush restricts training, anal stage)

Nutrition

Need 1300 cal per day, 1800 for preschoolers

Diets

high-fiber diets are not good and don't provide essential nutrients, children are susceptible to nutrient deficiencies bc of rapid growth

Language Development and Communication Skills

develop receptive language before expressive language, neonatal period - cry = communication, language development increases rapidly during preschool years

Language Development Preschool

words in sentence = age

Speech Development

reflection of mental/emotional development and abuse/neglect can delay speech = more outbursts

Cognitive Development Preschool

sensorimotor stage ends when child stars using words and problem solving and learn behavior/impulse control

Cause and Effect

learnt by preschoolers through experience

Moral Development

Children learn from modelling parents, community and TV, don't have abstract reasoning to lie to deceive others

Discipline

egocentric, develop self-control and maintain self-esteem, rewarding is most effective

Corporal punishment

pain of punishment, models aggression and affects children psychologically

Sexuality in Children

normal curiosity creates room for sexual pleasure

Affects of Sexual Abuse

interference in curiosity, masturbation or sexual curiosity interfering with normal play activities

Modesty

appears between age 5-6, day-care centers don't separate boys and girl

Physical Activity

helps slow risk factors of heart diseases, minimum 60 minutes a day

Play

lets child imitate adults, be aggressor, assume powers, solve problems, symbolic by age 2

Drawing

reflects inner emotional issues or conflicts

Day Care

step towards independence, foster growth and development with teaching coping skills, good programs = self confidence/esteem

Responding to preschooler

stimulates development of positive communication

Teaching children

picture books help with language development, expressing feelings instead of acting out = social development

Immunizations

newborns are immune through mother for few months, immune system is weak and fragile so teach kids about cleanliness