Lab Unit 1 Biol 120 Page 1-29

Scientific Method, Metric System, Microscope, Introductory Anatomical Concepts, Abdominal Regions, Hiearchy of life, Organ System

Scientific Method

Logical, Practical, and reliable way of approaching and solving problems to gain knowledge, comprising of 5 major steps: 1)Observation 2)Hypothesis 3)Data Collection 4)Data Analysis 5)Conclusion Reporting

Problem

Focus for investigation

Hypothesis

Unproven Conclusion that attempts to explain some phenomena, usually in the form of a question that is testable, measurable, based on describable facts, and not anthropomorphic

Qualitative Data

Observations made using the senses

Quantitative Data

Observations based on precise measurements

Experiment

Procedure designed to describe factors in given situation that affects one another under certain circumstances

Variable

Any factor that affects an experiment’s outcome

Independent Variable

Variable and experimenter manipulates to determine the effect on the dependent variable (X-axis)

Dependent Variable

Variable that changes in response to changes made to the independent variable (Y-axis)

Control

Normal standard against which all other samples are compared relative to the dependent variable

Mean/Average

Sum of items divided by number of items

Range

Difference Between maximum and minimum values of sample

percent

parts per 100 parts

Curve

Line connecting plot points of independent and dependent variable on an x and y-axis

Theory

Hypothesis that has been validated by many different investigators

Scientific Principle

Theory that has been repeatedly verified and appears to have wide applications in biologyLa

Lab Report

Written article of scientific study

Lab Report Components

Abstract, Introduction, Methods and Materials, Results, Conclusion and Discussion, References

Metric System

Arbitrary measurement system based on units of 10

Celsius

Quantitative measurement of hotness or coldness

Meter

Quantitative measurement of an object from end to end

Liter

Quantitative measurement of how much space an object occupies

Mass

Amount of Matter in an object

Weight

Quantity that varies with gravitational pull on the object

Seconds

Quantitative measurement of a period in which something occurs

Fahrenheit to Celsius

5F=9C+160 (Five Fingers Nine Cat lives)

Total Magnification

Product of eyepiece (ocular) magnification and objective magnification (10x4, 10x10, 10x40)

Resolution

Discrimination between two close objects as separate

Working Distance

Distance between objective lens and specimen on the slide in focus

Depth of field

Depth of specimen clearly in focus

Parfocal

Ability of microscopes to maintain proper focus when changing magnification

Ocular

Magnifies specimen

Pointer

Found in ocular, points to structure of interest

Nosepiece

Holds objective lenses

Objective Lens

Magnifies speciment at higher power

Scanning Lens

lowest magnification at 40x

Medium Power Lens

Gives total magnification of 100x

High Power

Highest Magnification of 400x

Coarse Focus

Focuses/magnifies speciment by making large movements of the stage up and down

Fine Focus

Focuses specimen by making small movements of stage up and down

Mechanical Stage

Holds speciment

Condenser

Focuses light onto speciment and adjusts light brightness

Iris Diaphragm

Increases light opening

Substage Light

Light source that illuminates specimen from below

Arm

Handle to carry microscope

Base

Bottom of microscope used for carrying

Stage micrometer

tool separate from microscope that measures field size under microscope

Anatomical Position

Universally accepted standard body position anatomists and doctors use to refer to specific areas of the body

Anterior

Toward the front (ribs are anterior to the heart)

Ventral

Toward the belly (term for inferior in tetrapods)

Posterior

Toward the back

Dorsal

Toward the back in tetrapods

Superior

Toward the top

Cephalad

Toward the head, anterior for tetrapods

Inferior

Toward the bottom

Caudal

Toward the tail, posterior in tetrapods

Medial

Toward the midline

Lateral

Away from the midline (cheeks are lateral to lips)

Proximal

Toward the trunk (use for appendages, shoulder is proximal to forearm)

Distal

Farther from the trunk (use for appendages, fingers are distal to wrist)

Superficial

Toward the surface/above

Deep

Away from the surface/below

Frontal Plane

Divides body/structure vertically into anterior and posterior parts

Sagittal Plane

Divides body/structure vertically into right and left parts

Midsagittal Plane

Divides body/structure vertically into right and left parts evenly

Parasagittal Plane

Divides body/structure vertically into unequal right and left UNEVENLY

Transverse Plane

Divides body/structure horizontally into superior and inferior parts called cross sections

Axial (Region:, Position:)

Region: Head, neck, Thorax

Position: Anterior and Posterior

Cephalic (Region:, Position:)

Region: Head

Position: Anterior and Posterior

Frontal (Region:, Position:)

Region: Forehead

Position: Anterior

Orbital (Region:, Position:)

Region: Bony Eye Sockets

Position: Anterior

Otic (Region:, Position:)

Region: Ears

Position: Posterior

Nasal (Region:, Position:)

Region: Nose

Position: Anterior

Oral (Region:, Position:)

Region: Mouth

Position: Anterior

Mental (Region:, Position:)

Region: Chin

Position: Anterior

Occipital (Region:, Position:)

Region: Base of Skull

Position: Posterior

Cervical (Region:, Position:)

Region: Neck

Position: Anterior and Posterior

Thoracic (Region:, Position:)

Region: Chest

Position: Anterior

Sternal (Region:, Position:)

Region: Breastbone

Position: Anterior

Mammary (Region:, Position:)

Region: Breasts

Position: Anterior

Dorsal (Region:, Position:)

Region: Back

Position: Posterior

Vertebral (Region:, Position:)

Region: Spinal Column

Position: Posterior

Lumbar (Region:, Position:)

Region: Area of back between ribs and hips

Position: Posterior

Abdominal (Region:, Position:)

Region: Trunk Inferior to Ribs

Position: Anterior

Pelvic (Region:, Position:)

Region: Pelvis Region

Position: Anterior

Sacral (Region:, Position:)

Region: Region Between hips (overlying sacrum)

Position: Posterior

Inguinal (Region:, Position:)

Region: Groin

Position: Anterior

Pubic (Region:, Position:)

Region: Genital Region

Position: Anterior

Perineal (Region:, Position:)

Region: Area between anus and external genitalia

Position: Posterior

Appendicular (Region:, Position:)

Region: Limbs and their attachment to the axis

Position: Anterior & Posterior

Scapular (Region:, Position:)

Region: Shoulder Blades

Position: Posterior

Acromial (Region:, Position:)

Region: Shoulder tips

Position: Posterior

Axillary (Region:, Position:)

Region: Armpit

Position: Anterior

Brachial (Region:, Position:)

Region: Upper Arms

Position: Anterior and Posterior

Antecubital (Region; Position)

Region: Anterior Surface of Elbows

Position: Anterior

Olecranal (Region; Position)

Region: Posterior Surface of Elbows

Position: Posterior

Antebrachial (Region; Position)

Region: Forearms

Position: Anterior and Posterior

Carpal (Region; Position)

R: Wrists

P: Anterior and Posterior

Manus (Region; Position)

R: Hand

P: Anterior and Posterior

Palmar (Region; Position)

R: Palms of hand

P: Anterior