APUSHING P

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Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador known for the conquest of the Aztecs and Incas.

Matrilineal Society

Societal structure where descent is traced through the mother's line, significant in Native American cultures.

Encomienda System

Feudal arrangement in Spanish colonies where natives were granted to Spanish settlers for labor.

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of goods between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, impacting agriculture and societies.

Joint-Stock Companies

Business entities where investors pool money for ventures, with limited liability.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Agreement dividing exploration rights between Spain and Portugal along a longitudinal line.

Enslaved Africans

Captured Africans considered property and used as slaves in the New World.

Casta System

Hierarchical social structure in the Spanish colonies based on racial categories.

Headright Policy

System granting land to new immigrants in the Chesapeake region.

Puritanism

Religious movement emphasizing a purified form of Protestantism, influential in the New England colonies.

Flushing Remonstrance of 1657

Declaration of protest against religious persecution of Quakers, allowing free practice of religion

New Jersey / Delaware

Initially settled by the Dutch, NJ colony established in 1664, Delaware by Sweden in 1638, later taken over by the Netherlands and England

Slave Labor in New York

Popular unlike other northern cities, with enslaved Africans forming the majority of the population

West Indies

Relied on slave labor for staple crop exports, Barbados being the most profitable colony

Carolina

Established in 1663, primary crop was rice, split into northern and southern parts in 1712

Georgia

Last of the 13 colonies, evolved self-governance in Colonial North America

Transatlantic Trade

Growth in the Atlantic economy, Triangle Trade between England, Africa, and America

African Slave Trade

Prominent in sub-Saharan Africa, worsened ethnic tensions, "Middle Passage" was the most horrific part

Fur Trade in North American Interior

French, Dutch, and English expanded into the interior, interacting with Native American groups

Navigation Acts

Laws to ensure colonies supported the British economy, reformed in the 18th century

Dominion of New England

Formed in 1686, merged colonies under a single governor enforcing Anglican practices and mercantilist laws

The Glorious Revolution (1688)

Protestants invited William and Mary to become monarchs, spilled over into the colonies

Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

Nathaniel Bacon led a revolt against Governor Berkeley, attacking Native Americans

Stono Rebellion (1739)

Resistance to slavery in South Carolina, quickly put down after slaves killed owners and wrecked plantations

The Great Awakening (1730-1740)

Religious revival emphasizing religious conversion for everyone by the Holy Spirit

The Enlightenment (1685-1815)

Emphasized human reason to understand and shape the world, led to Deism and resistance to imperial control

French and Indian War (1754-1763)

Eliminated French presence in North America, intensified rivalries with American Indians

Proclamation of 1763

Ended the Seven Years’ War, prohibited British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian mountains

Sugar Act of 1764

Cut tax on molasses, ended salutary neglect, strict enforcement of policies and laws

Stamp Act of 1765

Tax stamp on printed items, sparked the first great imperial crisis, led to Stamp Act Congress and Sons of Liberty

Virtual Representation

The concept that members elected to the British Parliament represented all individuals, even those who did not vote for them.

Stamp Act

A British law that imposed taxes on various paper goods in the American colonies, leading to popular resistance and its nullification in 1766.

Townshend Act of 1767

Legislation passed by Charles Townshend that imposed taxes on colonial imports like paper, paint, glass, and tea, aiming to pay officials' salaries.

Nonimportation Movement

A protest movement where American women reduced household consumption of imported goods to oppose British taxation policies.

Boston Massacre

An event where British soldiers fired into a crowd in Boston, killing five townspeople and challenging parliamentary supremacy.

Tea Act of 1773

An act that lowered tea taxes but maintained British control, leading to the Boston Tea Party and further tensions.

Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts

Laws passed by the British Parliament to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party, including the Boston Port Bill and the Quartering Act.

Continental Congress

A gathering of colonies to respond to the Coercive Acts, leading to the Suffolk Resolves and the Continental Association.

Articles of Confederation

The first constitution of the United States, establishing a weak central government with each state retaining sovereignty.

The Constitution

The document that replaced the Articles of Confederation, creating a stronger central government with checks and balances, ratified in 1787.

Jeffersonians

Opposed Hamilton's financial plan due to conflicting ideals and strict interpretation of the Constitution.

Hamiltonians

Supported Hamilton's financial plan with a loose interpretation of the Constitution.

Agrarian Vision

Jefferson's ideal society of independent yeoman farm families.

Strict Interpretation

Jeffersonians believed in adhering strictly to the Constitution's powers.

Loose Interpretation

Hamiltonians believed in a broader interpretation of the Constitution's powers.

French Revolution

Republicans supported it, while Federalists were apprehensive.

Proclamation of Neutrality

1793 declaration allowing trade with warring countries to maintain neutrality.

Jay's Treaty

1794 agreement with Britain that angered France and split Jeffersonian Republicans.

Haitian Revolution

Inspired by the French Revolution, leading to Haiti's liberation from French rule.

Marbury v

1803 case establishing judicial review and the Supreme Court's power.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 acquisition of territory from France, expanding the U.S. westward.

Embargo of 1807

Jefferson's attempt to protect American interests by prohibiting trade with Britain and France.

War of 1812

Conflict with Britain, leading to a stalemate and eventual peace with the Treaty of Ghent.

Transcendentalism

1820s movement celebrating individualism and spiritual power, influencing American literature.

Market Revolution

Economic shift towards specialization, infrastructure development, and expanded trade networks.

Tariff Bills

Legislation passed by Congress imposing high taxes on imported cotton to protect domestic industries.

Waltham-Lowell Labor System

A system that employed young women from farm families in textile mills under grueling working conditions.

Artisan Republicanism

Ideology valuing liberty and equality in production, leading to the formation of unions.

Cult of Domesticity

Belief that women should focus on domestic roles, leading to a clear division between work and home life.

Missouri Compromise

Agreement to maintain a balance between slave and free states by admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.

Indian Removal Act

Legislation signed by Andrew Jackson to forcibly relocate Native American tribes west of the Mississippi River.

Trail of Tears

Forced relocation of Cherokees to Indian Territory, resulting in the deaths of many Native Americans.

Bank War

Conflict between Andrew Jackson and the Second Bank of the United States, leading to the bank's destruction.

Panic of 1837

Economic depression caused by financial instability, leading to high unemployment rates and political blame.

Cotton Boom

Expansion of cotton cultivation in the South, driving the economy and increasing the demand for enslaved labor.

Slave Task System

System where slaves were assigned precisely defined jobs on plantations.

Gang-Labor System

System where slaves on rice and cotton plantations had regimented lives without time off.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival period from 1790-1830 emphasizing soul-winning, moral reform, and societal improvement.

Emancipation of Women

Movement advocating for women's rights and temperance during the Second Great Awakening.

Manifest Destiny

Belief in the God-given destiny to expand and possess the entire American continent.

Wilmot Proviso

Proposal to ban slavery in territories gained from the Mexican-American War, not passed into law.

Free Soil Movement

Movement to stop the spread of slavery in new territories for westward expansion and homestead settlement.

Bleeding Kansas

Conflict over slavery in Kansas resulting from adoption of popular sovereignty and violence between pro and anti-slavery settlers.

Dred Scott Decision

Supreme Court ruling stating African Americans were not US citizens and Congress couldn't ban slavery.

Civil War

Conflict from 1861-1865 between the Union (North) and the Confederacy (South) over secession and slavery.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by Lincoln in 1863, freed all slaves in active rebellion areas, turning the war into a fight against slavery.

Battle of Gettysburg

A turning point in the Civil War where the Union victory shifted the war in favor of the North.

Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan

Allowed Southern states to rejoin the Union if 10% of their electorate pledged loyalty and ratified the 13th amendment.

Andrew Johnson

Succeeded Lincoln, was a Southern Democrat, and faced opposition due to his Reconstruction plan and white supremacist views.

Black Codes

Laws under Johnson's plan that aimed to force former slaves back into plantations, limiting their rights and freedoms.

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Passed over Johnson's veto, divided the South into military districts and increased requirements for states to rejoin the Union.

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

Led to Ulysses S. Grant becoming president, as Johnson's policies clashed with those of the Radical Republicans.

14th Amendment

Granted citizenship and equal rights to African American slaves, creating a new national citizenship.

15th Amendment

Ensured the right to vote for all male citizens, excluding women, leading to the formation of women's rights associations.

Homestead Act of 1862

Provided 160 acres of land to settlers, aiming to spur economic growth and development in the Western frontier.

Deskilling

Mechanized manufacture / mass production

Third Wave of Immigration (1880-1914)

New wave from Eastern/Southern Europe

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Barred Chinese laborers from entering the US

Labor Unions

Focused on collective bargaining for wages, hours, and conditions

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Protested wage cuts and Panic of 1873

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Focused on skilled craftsmen, direct negotiation

Social Darwinism

Survival of the fittest, applied to society

Haymarket Square Riot (1886)

Protested for 8-hour workday, associated with violence

Triangle Fire of 1911

Deadly fire in Triangle Shirtwaist Company, led to labor reforms

Populist Party (People’s Party)

Advocated for monetary, agricultural, and political reforms

Meat Inspection Act of 1906

Legislation calling for stricter sanitary requirements in meat packing and government inspections.

Pure Food and Drug Act

Required food and drugs to be labeled with ingredients to prevent contaminated substances.

Conservation

Forest Reserve Act reserved 150 million acres of land for conservation efforts.

Taft's Presidency (1909-1913)

Taft initially passed antitrust laws and faced criticism from Roosevelt.

Election of 1912

Featured 4 candidates - Taft, Roosevelt, Debs, and Wilson - with differing views on federal regulation and trust-busting.