Lab Test #1

Cytoskeleton

Internal Framework: gives cell strength, support, and flexibility. Determines shape and allows for movement of internal structures

Centrosome

Cytoplasm around centrioles, microtubules originate here and radiate throughout cytoplasm

Ribosome

rRNA + proteins. Fixed and free. Protein synthesis.

Centrioles

Responsible for the movement of chromosomes during cell division

Rough ER

Membranous channels extend throughout the cytoplasm. Has bound ribosomes. Modification and packing of newly synthesized proteins.

Smooth ER

Membranous channels extend throughout the cytoplasm. Lacks ribosomes. Lipid and carbohydrate synthesis.

Golgi Apparatus

Stacks of flattened membranes (cisternae). Modifies & packages secretory products and lysosomal enzymes. Functions in membrane renewal.

Lysosome

Vesicle with powerful digestiving enzymes. Clean-up & recycle worn out/damaged organelles or pathogens.

Peroxisome

Vesicle containing degradative enzymes. Break down of fat and neutralizes toxic chemicals.

Mitochondria

Double membrane with inner cristae. ATP production.

Nucleus

Controls metabolism. Storage and processing of genetic information. Controls protein synthesis.

Nucleolus

Dense region of nucleoplasm. Site of rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly.

Posterior

Toward the back

Superior

Toward the head

Inferior

toward the tail/feet

Proximal

closer to the point of origin (generally the trunk)

Distal

further away from the point of origin (generally the trunk)

Medial

closer to the midline of the body or body part

Lateral

farther away from the midline of the body or a body part

Superficial

closer to the surface

Deep

farther below the surface

Posterior Body Cavity

contains the cranial and vertebral cavities

Anterior Body Cavities

contains the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

Sagital Plane

divides the body or body part into right or left sections

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

divides the body or body part into superior and inferior parts

Pariteal Pleurae

serous membrane attached to the body around the lungs

Visceral Pleurae

serous membrane attached to the lungs

Mediastinum

cavity that holds the trachea, bronchi, and the esophagus

Parietal Pericardium

serous membrane attached to structures surronding the heart

Visceral Pericardium

serous membrane attached to the heart

Abdominal Cavity

contains the liver, gallbladder, small intestines, stomach, pancreas, kidneys, adrenal glands, spleen, and much of the large intestine

Pelvic Cavity

contains s e x organs, urinary bladder, rectum, and part of the large intestine

Ocular Lens

the lens through which you look to view the slide

Iris Diaphragm

controls the amount of light that passes through the slide

Condenser

Lens under the stage thay focuses light from the lamp on the specimen

Objective Lens

Lenses of various powers of magnification

Coarse Adjustment Knob

moves the stage up and dows; provides gross focusing

Stage

the surface on which the slide sits

Fine Adjustment Knob

allows fine-tuning on the focus

Lamp

the microscopes light source

Low Power Magnification

4x

Medium Power Magnification

10x

High Power Magnification

40x

Anterior

towards the front

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, secrete

Tight Cell Junctions

help to make the spaces between cells impermeable

Desmosomes

increase the resistance of the tissue to mechanical stress

Gap Junctions

allow small substances to move from one cell to another

Simple Squamous Epithelia Function

rapid diffusion barrier, make serous fluid

Simple Squamous Epithelia Location

lung alveoli, serous membranes, kidney

Simple Squamous Epithelia

Simple Cuboidal Epithelia Function

Absorption and secretion

Simple Cuboidal Epithelia Location

kidney tubules, lung lower bronchioles, glands

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Simple Columnar Epithelia Function

absorption and secretion

Simple Columnar Epithelia Location

digestive tract, gall bladder, kidney tubules

Simple Columnar Epithelia

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelia Function

secrete mucus, propel mucus

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelia Location

upper airways

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelia

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelia Fucntion

protection

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelia Location

inside mouth, pharynx, esophagus, vag ina, a n a l canal

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelia

Transitional Epithelia Location and Function

allows organ to stretch, urinary bladder

Transitional Epithelia

Endocrine glands

release hormones into interstitial fluid (no ducts)

Exocrine Glands

produce secretions onto epithelial surfaces through ducts

Connective Tissue Functions

connects/binds, support, protect, and transport

Matrix

the substances surrounding cells in connective tissues the matrix, drives the function, not the cells

Fibroblasts

build and maintain the structural framework of the body by creating the extracellular matrix

Adipocytes

cells that primarily compose adipose tissue (Body Fat)

Phagocyte

a vital type of white blood cell that defends your body by finding, engulfing, and destroying harmful bacteria, foreign objects, and dead cells

Loose Connective Tissue (areolar) Function

support and protect

Loose Connective Tissue (areolar) Location

papillary dermis

Loose Connective Tissue (areolar)

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Location

reticular dermis, around joints and organs

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Function

resist stretch in multiple planes, strength

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Dense Regular Connective Tissue Function

resist stretch in one plane, strength

Dense Regular Connective Tissue Location

tendons and ligaments

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Adipose Tissue Function

insulations, cushioning, store energy

Adipose Tissue Location

fat stores in the body

Adipose Tissue

Hyaline Cartilage Function

support, protection, reduced friction

Hyaline Cartilage Location

articular joint surfaces, tracheal rings

Hyaline Cartilage

Fibrocartilage Function

support, protect, resist compression

Fibrocartilage Location

intervertebral discs, pubic symphasis

Fibrocartilage

Elastic Cartilage Function

hold shape

Elastic Cartilage Location

ears, epiglottis

Elastic Cartilage

Bone Function

support, protect, leverage, store calcium

Bone Locatio

Bone

Fluid Connective Tissues Function

transport

Fluid Connective Tissues Location

blood, lymph

Fluid Connective Tissues

Skeletal Muscle

Cardiac Muscle