Physio final stuff

____ synapses are an example of _____ smooth muscle

electrical; unitary

Pufferfish toxin-Deactivates/blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels; If improperly ingest pufferfish and thus the toxin, what would be the effect?

Prevents action potential on sarcolemma

"Multiple presynaptic axons fire action potentials. This results in the neurotransmitter GABA being released into the synapse. GABA binds to ligand-gated chloride channels on the postsynaptic neuron. The type of summation taking place on the postsynaptic membrane is ____ and the resulting post-synaptic membrane potential would be an _____."

a. Spatial; inhibitory postsynaptic potential

b. Temporal; inhibitory postsynaptic potential

c. Spatial; resting membrane potential

d. Spatial; excitatory postsynaptic potential

e. Temporal; excitatory postsynaptic potential

a. Spatial; inhibitory postsynaptic potential

The effect on membrane potential brings it from resting membrane potential of -70mV to -85. The threshold is -55mV. This is called ________ and it is sending an ________.

hyper polarization; inhibitory post-synaptic potential

what are phospholipids

amipathic molecules with polar heads and non polar tails

When an AP reaches the muscle cell

A. Ca2+ is removed from the environment for relaxation of the muscle

B. The actin heads will bind to myosin and create the power stroke

C. K+ is released from the endoplasmic reticulum allowing for contraction of the muscle fiber

D. It travels down the t-tubules reaching the sarcoplasmic reticulum for the release of Ca2+

E. The myosin will grab onto the actin and pull it away from the center of the sarcomere

D. It travels down the t-tubules reaching the sarcoplasmic reticulum for the release of Ca2+

An individual has multiple brain lesions. Injury to the ____ has resulted in the inability to process sensory information and injury to the ____ has resulted in frequent thirst, changes in appetite, and the inability to maintain proper body temperatures, among many other autonomic nervous system dysfunctions.

A. Pons; hypothalamus

B. Thalamus; hypothalamus

C.Midbrain; pons

D. Hypothalamus, midbrain

E. Thalamus; medulla oblongata

B. Thalamus; hypothalamus

Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons synthesize and package acetylcholine in the presynaptic terminals before being released to acton postsynaptic receptors. Which of these statements about parasympathetic postganglionic neurons is FALSE:

A. Acetylcholine is a small molecule neurotransmitter

B. The released acetylcholine acts on nicotinic, ionotropic receptors on the effector tissue

C. Choline is recycled by being taken back up into the presynaptic terminal

D. Release of neurotransmitter is triggered when voltage gated calcium channels open to allow the influx of calcium

E. Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are shorter than parasympathetic preganglionic neurons

B. The released acetylcholine acts on nicotinic, ionotropic receptors on the effector tissue

In the presence of Ca2+ in a muscle cell

A. Troponin T (TnT) will stabilize its interaction with tropomyosin and bind to myosin directly

B. Troponin I (TnI) will be bound to actin, hiding the myosin binding site

C. Troponin C (TnC) will bind calcium and expose the binding site in actin for the binding of myosin

D. The muscle will be relaxed and no contraction can happen

E. The myosin head will change its conformation and reach for another binding site in actin

C. Troponin C (TnC) will bind calcium and expose the binding site in actin for the binding of myosin

Once ATP is bound to the Na+/K+ pump

The pump is exposed to intracellular fluid allowing Na+ ions to transport out

Cholesterol .....

Determines the fluidity and permeability of the cell membrane

Cell membrane is made of:

proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol, and ???

Facilitated Diffusion exhibits a Vmax, meaning:

A. The carrier protein can increase its speed linearly with the concentration of the substance

B. Carrier proteins can carry more substrates than the number of binding sites they have

C. It can only transport the substrate once that speed is reached

D. There is a limit in the rate of diffusion posed by the carrier protein conformational change reaching a max speed of transport

E. As concentration of the substrate increases so will the rate of diffusion

D. There is a limit in the rate of diffusion posed by the carrier protein conformational change reaching a max speed of transport

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons:

A. Are more numerous than the post ganglionic neurons

B. Are primarily smooth muscle

C. Originate from all the sacral segments of the cord

D. Secrete the same transmitters as the post ganglionic structures

E. Are much shorter than the post ganglionic neurons

D. Secrete the same transmitters as the post ganglionic structures

All of the following statements about the adrenal gland are true EXCEPT

A. Epinephrine and norepinephrine elicit similar responses to those seen from direct sympathetic simulation

B. Epinephrine from the adrenal gland has a greater effect on cardiac stimulation

C. The adrenal gland has two major divisions, the cortex and medulla

D. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the adrenal glad directly into the blood, where their effects are longer and stronger

E. The cells of the adrenal medulla are modified sympathetic, preganglionic neurons

E. The cells of the adrenal medulla are modified sympathetic, preganglionic neurons

Gap junctions, a type of ____ synapse, are used to facilitate bidirectional propagation of an action potential signal in a ____ smooth muscle unit.

A. Chemical, unitary

B. Chemical, multiunit

C. Chemical, skeletal

D. Electrical, unitary

E. Electrical, multiunit

D. Electrical, unitary

What is negative feedback?

Initiates actions that reverse or reduces the stimulus

Homeostasis is......

regulated by negative and positive feedback

Chemical synapse is....

one way transmission of signal; more efficient than electrical synapses

What is the Nernst Equation

takes into account both concentration difference and charge of the solute; an equilibrium will develop between the concentration gradient and electrical gradient.

What are highly invaginated areas of the sarcolemma called?

t-tubules ????

Which of the following statements regarding metabotropic receptors if false

something about binding to a receptor to allow ions to flow through ?????

Purkinje nerve fibers carry nerve impulses where?

throughout the ventricles

Arrow at P wave --> what causes it?

atrial depolarization

arrow at t wave --> what causes it?

ventricular repolarization

Synthesis of the hemoglobin begins in the

A. Orthochromatic erythroblast

B. Basophil erythroblast

C. Proerythroblast

D. Reticulocyte

E. Polychromatophilic erythroblast

C. Proerythroblast

In the classical pathway of complement activation, which of the following is the lytic complex (responsible for lysis)?

A.C2a3b4b

B. C3b2a

C. C3a4b

D. C2a4b

E. C5b6789

E. C5b6789

What can go across the placenta?

IgG

What blood type has antigen A and antibody B

Blood type A

Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle are similar in that they both:

Both rely on intra-cellular calcium for contraction

What is the most deadly arrhythmia?

v-fib

Where are t-cells made at and mature at?

Made in the bone marrow, mature in the thymus

During the inflammatory response, the first line of defense is provided by

A. Bone marrow

B. neutrophils

C. Tissue macrophages

D. T lymphocytes

E. B lymphocytes

C. Tissue macrophages

The normal pacemaker of the heart is

Spontaneous action potentials of the SA node

The blood cells that play a major role in allergic reactions are

A. monocytes

B. Basophils and mast cells

C. Macrophages

D. Eosinophils

E. Neutrophils

B. Basophils and mast cells

Components of prothrombin activator

Factor V, Factor X, platelet phospholipids, and Ca2+

The repolarization phase of the myocardial action potential (return of cell membrane potential back to baseline) is mostly due to movement of which ions?

A. Na+

B. Cl-

C. K+

D. Ca2+

E. Mg2+

C. K+

Action potentials in the myocardium differ significantly from action potentials in skeletal muscle. One of the differences is that myocardial action potentials have a characteristic plateau phase. What is responsible for the plateau phase in myocardial action potentials?

A. Gap junctions at intercalated discs between cells

B. Inward movement of potassium through delayed rectifier potassium channels

C. Inward movement of sodium through fast sodium channels

D. Inward movement of calcium through L-type calcium channels

E. A delay in the AV nodes as the electrical signal passes between atria and ventricles

D. Inward movement of calcium through L-type calcium channels

Which of the following represents the correct order for excitation and conduction through the heart?

A. SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers

B. Intermodal pathway, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers, SA node

C. SA node, intermodal pathway, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers

D. SA node, intermodal pathway, AV node, Purkinje fibers, AV bundle

E. SA node, Purkinje fibers, intermodal pathway, AV node, AV bundle

C. SA node, intermodal pathway, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers

The main cause for sickle cell (hemolytic) anemia is

A. Mutation converting glutamic acid to valine (E to V mutation)

B. Loss of blood

C. Destruction of bone marrow

D. Hemorrhage

E. Slow proerythrocyte development

A. Mutation converting glutamic acid to valine (E to V mutation)

The right ventricle is responsible for delivering blood to the

lungs

What is a free flowing clot called?

embolus

what part of the heart electrical system has the slowest conduction

AV node

If there is no p-wave, what would be affected?

atrial depolarization

Plasminogen is converted to plasmin. This is caused by what?

T-Pa

Allograft refers to

A. Transplant between identical twins

B. Transplant between genetically identical individuals

C. Transplant between species

D. Transplant from one part of the individual part of the same individual

E. Transplant between the same species

E. Transplant between the same species

Where is the location of RBC production in the last month of gestation?

A. Bone marrow

B. Liver

C. Spleen

D. Thymus

E. Yolk sac

A. Bone marrow

Which of the following is true of the excitatory conductive fibers of the heart?

A. Purkinje fibers carry the electrical signal throughout the atria

B. Electrical impulses from the atria are delayed in the SA node before passing into the ventricles

C. AV node fibers and Purkinje fibers are incapable of spontaneous discharge without stimulation from the SA node

D. SA node fibers have the fastest rate of depolarization

E. AV node fibers are highly permeable/conductive due to larger number of gap junctions at intercalated discs

D. SA node fibers have the fastest rate of depolarization

What does this refer to: increase in SV and EDV = increase in cardiac output

Frank Starling

The extrinsic pathway for prothrombin activator formation is initiated by

A. Due to a high number of platelets in blood

B. Due to presence of high levels of thrombin in blood

C. Due to increase levels of in fibrin in blood

D. When a vessel wall or surrounding tissue is injured

E. When blood is traumatized or exposed to collagen from injured blood vessel wall

D. When a vessel wall or surrounding tissue is injured

What is an example of functional syncytium in heart?

atrial and ventricular syncytium

What is excessive bleeding due to?

decreased platelets

Which one of the following statements is FALSE with respect to fluid filtration/absorption across capillaries?

A. An increase in plasma colloid pressure opposes filtration out of the capillary

B. The proteins in the plasma and interstitial fluids cause colloid osmotic pressure

C. Hydrostatic pressure is the force generated by the pressure of fluid within or outside of capillary on the capillary wall

D. The rate of fluid filtration is also determined by the number and size of the pores in each capillary

E. If net filtration is negative, there will be a net fluid filtration across the capillary

E. If net filtration is negative, there will be a net fluid filtration across the capillary

When plotting venous return against right atrial pressure, venous return is at a plateau when right atrial pressure is very low (< -4 mmHg). This is because:

A. Venous return is equal to the mean systemic filling pressure

B. Of the Fick principle

C. There is a collapse of the large veins limiting flow

D. Cardiac output is determined by venous return

E. Cardiac output equals peripheral resistance

C. There is a collapse of the large veins limiting flow

The vessel that supplies the posterior part of the left ventricle in 80-90 percent of people is:

A. The pulmonary artery

B. The vasa vasorum

C. The left circumflex artery

D. The left anterior descending artery

E. The right coronary artery

E. The right coronary artery

When organs are not getting adequate blood due to poor heart pumping it is called

A. Left to right shunt

B. Cardiogenic shock

C. Cardiac reserve

D. Heart failure

E. Cryogenic shock

B. Cardiogenic shock

If the treatment is delayed circulatory shock can become irreversible, this is because of:

A. Loss of plasma

B. Baroreceptor reflex

C. Renin angiotensin system

D. Accumulated tissue damage

E. Decreased cardiac output

D. Accumulated tissue damage

Conditions that commonly cause cardiac outputs that are HIGHER than normal usually:

A. Result from chronically reduced total peripheral resistance

B. Cause decreased venous return

Result in a hypoeffective heart

C. Cause abnormalities that decrease pumping effectiveness of the heart

D. Don't follow the Frank-Starling mechanism

A. Result from chronically reduced total peripheral resistance

Some fluid retention is good but excessive fluid retention is bad this is because:

A. This is because the bone marrow can't keep up with the increased volume of blood

B. At first fluid retention is good but as the central nervous system reflex wears it becomes bad

C. Some retention increases venous return, too much increases right atrial pressure

D. Some retention decreases venous return, too much decreases right atrial pressure

E. Fluid retention is good all the time

C. Some retention increases venous return, too much increases right atrial pressure

Intestinal obstruction can cause what type of shock:

A. Neurogenic

B. Hypovolemic

C. Anaphylactic

D. Cardiogenic

E. Hemorrhagic

B. Hypovolemic

Which of the following statements regarding outward remodeling is true?

A. Endothelial and smooth muscle cell rearrangement leading to a smaller vessel diameter

B. The development of new vascular channels around a blockage

C. An increase in lumen diameter with an unchanged wall thickness

D. Increased size of smooth muscle cell layer and vascular wall strength. Vessel diameter is maintained.

E. The lumen diameter and wall thickness increase

C. An increase in lumen diameter with an unchanged wall thickness

When tissue becomes more active (exercise), more blood flow goes to working tissues, and results in increased cardiac output. This is due to:

A. Inhibition of the Bainbridge reflex

B. Decreased sympathetic tone

C. Increased peripheral resistance

D. Increased venous return

E. Enhanced glomerular filtration rate

D. Increased venous return

Which of the following accurately describes microcirculation in the human body?

A. The flow of blood through large arteries and veins

B. The regulation of blood pressure by the heart

C. The flow of blood from venules into the capillaries

D. The exchange of oxygen and nutrients between blood vessels and tissues

E. The production of red blood cells in the bone marrow

D. The exchange of oxygen and nutrients between blood vessels and tissues

Factors that cause a hypoeffective heart include

A. Increased contraction of the heart muscle

B. Increased arterial pressure

C. Increased exercise

D. Increased venous return

E.Increased sympathetic stimulation

B. Increased arterial pressure

The most common cause of valvular lesion is:

A. HTN

B. Aortic insufficiency

C. Hemorrhage

D. Rheumatic fever

E. Congenital defects

D. Rheumatic fever

All of the following vessels are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system EXCEPT:

A. Capillaries

B. Arterioles

C. Venules

D. Veins

E. Arteries

A. Capillaries

Which one of the following statements is FALSE?

A. Spleen, liver, and the large abdominal veins can function as specific reservoirs

B. Incompetent or loss of the valves can lead to varicose veins

C. Venous pressure is highest at the vena cava

D. Peripheral veins, particularly in the legs and arms, have one-way valves that direct flow away from the limb and toward the heart

E. Large veins have virtually no resistance when distended

C. Venous pressure is highest at the vena cava

What is vascular distensibility?

Vascular distensibility refers to the ability of blood vessels to expand or contract in response to changes in volume for a given change in pressure. It is a measure of how reality a blood vessel wall can stretch or expand when subjected to pressure from blood flowing through it.

CVP is:

the pressure in the thoracic vena cava near the right atrium (therefore CVP and right atrial pressure are essentially the same)

The route for systemic circulation:

heart - arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins

PDA is a what shunt?

left to right shunt

One characteristic Tetralogy of Fallot

A. Patent Ductus Arteriosus

B. Aortic Stenosis

C. Neurogenic shock

D. Septal Defect

E. Atrial hypertrophy

D. Septal Defect

What is Angiotensin II?

vasoconstriction

length is related to resistance??

???

What heart failure leads to pulmonary edema?

left sided

what happens when the heart is not pumping enough blood to the body

heart failure

Phonocardiogram is:

Recording of the heart sounds as waves at different intervals and frequencies.

Laminar blood flow is:

Velocity is faster in center

Which one is true?

A. Hematocrit is the volume % of RBC in blood

B. Blood pressure is the lowest in the capillaries in the circulation

C.Oxygenated blood returns to the heart from the lungs through a pulmonary artery

D. Capillary consists of tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia (externa)

E. Vascular resistance is inversely regulated by vascular length

A. Hematocrit is the volume % of RBC in blood

Which of the following is false regarding the Renal body fluid system and it's control of pressure?

system works quickly

Which of the following statements regarding autoregulation is true?

A. An increase in lumen diameter with an unchanged wall thickness

B. Physical reconstruction of tissue vasculature

C. An increase in blood flow

D. The development of new vascular channels around a blockage

E. The return of flow to normal

E. The return of flow to normal

Which is TRUE regarding Chronic HTN

A. MAP <110mmHg

B. MAP >110 mmHg

C. MAP >90 mmHG

B. MAP >110 mmHg

Kidney tumor would cause

Severe HTN

All of the following are characteristics of primary (essential) hypertension are true, except:

A. Hypertension of unknown origin

B. Increased cardiac output

C. Increased angiotensin II levels

D. Increased sympathetic levels

E.Increased Na and water excretion

E. Increased Na and water excretion

Which of the following statements regarding vasomotor tone is true?

A. Intermittent sympathetic signals from the vasomotor center

B. Sparse sympathetic signals from the vasomotor center that maintain a partial state of contraction in blood vessels

C. Continual sympathetic signals from vasomotor center that maintain a partial state of contraction in blood vessels

D. Continual parasympathetic signals from the vasomotor center

E. Intermittent parasympathetic signals from the vasomotor center

C. Continual sympathetic signals from vasomotor center that maintain a partial state of contraction in blood vessels

What are the leakiest type of capillaries?

discontinuous/sinusoidal

Lymphatic capillaries

Tiny thin-walled vessels primarily consisting of an endothelium layer.

Closed at one end.

Located in the spaces between cells throughout the body.

Slightly larger in diameter than blood capillaries (10-15 µm in diameter)

What is a defining feature of capillaries in the human circulatory system?

A. Elastically similar to arteries

B. Pressure of valves

C. Thick muscular walls

D. 3 layers: intima, media, and advertitia

E. Single-cell layer endothelium

E. Single-cell layer endothelium

Cushing's reaction

cerebral flow = arterial pressure

Which one of the following statements is TRUE with respect to the lymphatic system?

A. The lymphatic system is a closed system with circular flow

B. It transports nutrients and fat to the gastrointestinal tract.

C. Approximately 35% of the interstitial fluid released from arterial end capillaries re-enters venous system via lymph.

D. The right lymph duct and the thoracic duct take the lymph into the right and left subclavian veins, which empty into the vena cava.

E. Valve-like structure or valves in lymphatic vessels allow back-flow of the lymphatic fluid.

D. The right lymph duct and the thoracic duct take the lymph into the right and left subclavian veins, which empty into the vena cava.

What do veins do?

Reservoir, waste transport, blood back to heart

What blood vessel holds the most volume of blood?

vein

All of the following statements are true regarding baroreceptors, EXCEPT:

A. Extremely abundant in wall of the internal carotids and aortic arch

B. Initiated by stretch receptors, called baroreceptors located at specific points in the walls of several large systemic arteries, mainly carotids and aorta

C. Inhibit vasoconstrictor region, causing peripheral vasodilation

D. Initiated by chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic arteries

E. Decreases heart rate and strength of contraction

D. Initiated by chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic arteries

Which of the following is a stage of circulatory shock?

A. Hemorrhagic

B. Cardiogenic

C. Anaphylaxis

D. Septic

E. Progressive

E. Progressive

Resistance?

volume against endothelial layer

Which of the following is true? (not 1000% sure on the question but the below answer was for sure the answer to a question)

CO affected by venous return

When a left to right shunt is present, blood:

A. Fails to follow through pulmonary circulation.

B. The aortic valve is stenosed

C. Fails to flow through systemic circulation.

D. Blood is regurgitated back into the left atrium

E. It is the most common cause of blue baby.

C. Fails to flow through systemic circulation.

Which statement best describes the relationship between cardiac work and coronary blood flow

A. Coronary blood flow decreases as cardiac work increases.

B. Coronary blood flow closely matches cardiac work and increases as cardiac work increases.

C. Cardiac work only regulates coronary blood flow after a large meal.

D. Coronary blood flow is in excess of the needs of the heart.

E. Coronary blood flow is unrelated to cardiac work

B. Coronary blood flow closely matches cardiac work and increases as cardiac work increases.

What is angina that only occurs during exertion called

stable angina

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

a. Artery can hold the largest amount of blood in the circulatory system

b. Blood flow in the circulatory system is generally turbulent

c. Hematocrit is the percentage of maximal blood flow through the capillary bed of a tissue

d. Parabolic blood flow occurs during turbulent flow

e. Vascular resistance occurs as a result of friction between the blood and endothelium

e. Vascular resistance occurs as a result of friction between the blood and endothelium