Honors World History Second Semester Finals Review

The purpose of these flashcards are to review all of the units and terms learned throughout this semester. *NOTE: there may be information on here that may not be on the final itself. Use these flash cards to review only—as that is the intent for them. They aren’t ment for your #1 source of study.

Who believed in natural rights (life, liberty, property) and that people can overthrow the government?

John Locke

Who believed people are selfish and need a strong ruler (absolutism) to keep order?

Thomas Hobbes

Who believed in separation of powers and checks and balances to prevent absolutism?

Montesquieu

Who believed people are naturally good and supported democracy and the general will?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

What Renaissance value focuses on human achievement and classical learning?

Humanism

What value emphasizes the worth and abilities of each person?

Individualism

What value encourages interest in non-religious topics?

Secularism

What value draws inspiration from ancient Greece and Rome?

Classicism

What value encourages questioning of traditional beliefs?

Skepticism

What value emphasizes being good at many things (like the Renaissance Man)?

Well-Roundedness

Who started the Protestant Reformation?

Martin Luther with the 95 Theses

Indulgences

were pieces of paper sold by the Church that granted forgiveness for sins and reduced time in purgatory.

Nepotism

Giving jobs to family members

Pluralism

Holds multiple positions

Absenteeism

Not present at a job

Significance of Machiavelli

is primarily found in his work "The Prince," which provides insights into political power and leadership.

Rationalism

The philosophical view or belief that reason is the best test of knowledge

Galileo

An Italian astronomer who is known for the telescope advancements.

Isaac Newton

creates physics & calculus

Copernicus

Proposed that the Sun, rather than the Earth, at its center.

Clergy

1st Estate

Nobles

2nd Estate

Bourgeoisie

3rd Estate

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Equality under law

Constitutional Monarchy

Limits the power of king/queen

Conservatives (The Royal Family)

Want no change

Moderates (The National Assembly)

Want little change

Radicles (The Jacobins)

Want to make dramatical changes

Who do the Jacobin want to protect the revolution from?

Anti-revolutionary’s

Reign of Terror

A period of extreme violence and paranoia

Who lead the Coup d’état (to take power) during the French Revolution?

Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleonic Code

Laws that provide protection but keeps ideas from pre-revolution

Peninsulares

Europeans born white

Creoles

Whites born in Latin America

Simon Bolivar

A Venezuelan military and political leader who played a key role in Latin America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish EmpireT

Toussaint L’ouveture

A former slave who led the Haitian Revolution, a successful anti-slavery revolt in Haiti

Father Miguel Hidalgo

Leads force of 80,000 against Spanish and creole landowners

Liberalism

Human Rights

Conservatism

Belief in tradition and little change

Agricultural Revolution

Creates new ideas (Crop rotation, enclosure, seed frill, plows, etc…)

Enclosure Acts

Transformed land ownership and farming practices, forcing small farmers to find new jobs

Cottage Industry

Working at home *this process was often too slow leading to more factory’s growing and leaving the cottage industry to decline

Benefits of factory’s

More efficient/faster (assembly line), quality goes up, quantity goes up, prices go down

Scarcity

Something gains value based on how rare it is

Working Class

Worked long hours; working conditions were bad; women often got paid less than men; children were useful because of their small size being able to fix machines; the pay was low in general

Factors of production (FOP)

Land, Labor, Capital

Adam Smith

Founder of capitalism

Capitalism

Individuals own the FOP; Individuals choose what they want to produce; Individuals keep the profit

Social Darwinism

The belief that small businesses will fail while big businesses will thrive

Laissez-Faire

Non-interference; government should not intervene in private transactions.

Karl Marx

Founder of socialism and communism

Socialism

Government owns the FOP; Government chooses what to produce; society divides up profits equally

Communism

Community owns the FOP; community chooses what to produces; community divides up profits equally. In theory, no government.

Romanticism

Emphasis on emotion, imagination, and individuality in art and literature

Nationalism

An intense pride in ones country

Utilitarianism

Trying to create the greatest good for the greatest number of people

Existentialism

Belief that individuals create their own meaning in life

Nihilism

The rejection of all religious and moral principles, often in the belief that life is meaningless

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Motives for Imperialism

Materials, competition, superiority, nationalism, etc…

White Mans Burden

A belief that Europeans had a duty to civilize non-European people

Indirect control

A system where colonizing countries govern through existing local leaders

Direct control

A system where colonizing countries directly govern the colony.

Berlin Conference

Europe divide up Africa (African states weren’t invited)

King Leopold II

Ruler of the Congo who exploited natives to extract rubber

Opium Wars

Wars between Britain and China from the issue of opium trade

Spheres of influence

A country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority

Boxer Rebellion

Chinese nationalists attack foreigners and Chinese Christian’s

British East India Company (BEIC)

Trade between India and the rest of the world

Sepoy Rebellion

Native Indians rise up against BEIC

The Raj

A period in which Britain had direct control over India

Amritsar Massacre

Mass shooting on Indian gatherers

Gandhi

Figure in helping India gain their independence

Salt March

A peaceful protest against the British

Two problems after Indian independence

Caste system unfair and Hindu vs. Muslims

Mao Zedong

Ruler of China during 1949-1954

The 4 olds

Old customs, culture, habits, and ideas

Nation

Group of people with shared cultural heritage

State

Physically defined territories with man mad boundary’s

Militarism

Policy of having weapons and using them

Alliance

Military friendships or agreements

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

June 28, 1914 by Serbian terrorists (spark cause of WWI)

Trench Warfare

Armies fight each other in trenches (holes) dug into the battlefield

Stalemate

Deadlock between two armies

Treaty of Versailles

Peace treaty Germany is forced to sign

Treaty of Versailles (what Germany is forced to agree to)

War guilt clause- accepts full responsibility for starting the war, Reparation payments- Germany pays for the war Demilitarization- Germany is prohibited from having an army larger than 100,00 men, Territorial loss- Germany looses territory in Europe all colonies abroad.

Tsar Nicholas II

The last reigning Emperor of Russia

Provisional Government

A temporary governing body established to manage a period of transition, often after a significant event like a revolution, civil war, or the collapse of the previous government

Bolsheviks

A radical faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party who were under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Lenin

A Russian revolutionary, politician and political theorist

Josef Stalin

Secretary general of USSR

Margin

Involves borrowing money from a broker to purchase stocks. Investors only pay a percentage of the stock's price and finance the rest through a loan

Black Tuesday

The day the stock market crash (October 29, 1929)

Hyperinflation

When the prices of goods and services rise more than 50% per month (Money looses its value)

Reparation

Debts to play back

Extremism

The holding of extreme political or religious views; fanaticism

Fascism

A political system where a dictator has total power, and people are not allowed to disagree with the government

Nazism

A form of fascism that includes extreme racism, especially against Jews, and the belief that Germans were superior to others

Holocaust

The mass murder of about 6 million Jews by the Nazis during World War II.

Final Solution

The name the Nazis used for their plan of mass murder during the Holocaust, which led to the deaths of about 6 million Jews