ap hug: unit 1

TODALSIGS

Title, Orientation, Date, author, Legend, Scale, Index, Grid, Source

Title

Explains what info the map is displaying

Orientation

A way of figuring out how to orient the map (ex. compass rose)

Date

Tells when the map was made to help reader get frame of reference

Author

The people who made the map to prove authenticity

Legend

Shows what the markings on the map mean

Map Scale

The ratio between distance on a map and the corresponding distance on the Earth

Cartographic scale/written/ratio

The way the map communicates scale

Index

Collection of major sites and location to help reader find locations (not on every map)

Grid

Series of lines on a map that match index

Source

Explains where author got info from to establish credibility

Site

Physical characteristics

Situation

The location of a place relative to other places

Problem with maps

Contortion

Reference maps

Show information (direction): boundaries, geographic features, places

Thematic maps

Tell a story about quantifiable data (ex. People)

Isoline

Map connected with contour lines

Contour lines

Lines connecting data points of the same value

Graduated Symbol

The bigger the dot, the bigger the percentage

Dot

Place a dot representing a value in its approximate location (ex. One dot per 100 people)

Cartogram

Presents a visual but distorted representation of size

Choropleth

Use colours or shading to represent data (typically the darker the area, the more there is)

Flow Line

Shows movement of goods/animals/services,etc.

Absolute direction

The exact direction you are heading

Absolute Distance

The exact distance between two places

Absolute location

The exact spot where something is located

Relative direction

The direction depends on the surrounding area

Relative distance

An approximate measurement between two places Ex. measured in time or direction

Clustered patterns

Grouped, nucleated, clumped or concentrated

Dispersed patterns

Distributed, scattered and spread out

Uniform Pattern

Evenly spaced

Random Pattern

No discernable pattern

Distance Decay

The farther away one place is from another the less interaction those two places will have with one another

Time-space compression

The reduction of time it takes for something to get from one place to another, mostly due to technology

GPS

Constellation of 24 satellites that orbit the earth to make it possible for people with ground receivers to pinpoint their geographic absolute location

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Computer system designed to gather and analyse particular kinds of data (ex. Map to show changes to a community over time)

Remote sensing

Seeing or measuring something from a considerable distance (ex. satellite)

Place

A specific point with particular physical and human characteristics

Toponym

Name given to a location that often hints at the culture of a place

Cultural Ecology

Study of Human-Environmental Interactions

Environmental Determinism Theory

The old theory that solely physical environment caused social development

Environmental Possibilism Theory

The physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment.

Small scale

Small details → zoomed out

Large scale

Large details → zoomed in

Scale of data

Refers to the level of scale that data is organised by within the map (ex. County, state,nation, etc.)

Mecrator

• Used for navigation because distance accurate

• Increased size distortion the further away from the equator (ex. North looks a lot bigger than it is)

Goode Homolosine Projection

• Interrupted map

• True size and shape

• Distortion with distance and distortion near the edges

• Not useful for directions due to distortion

Gall-Peters Projection

• Land area accuracy

• Areas near the poles are stretched horizontally

• More accurately shows southern hemisphere as larger than Northern Hemisphere

Robinson Projection

• More accurately shows the area near the poles

• Distorts cardinal directions and distance at the poles

Inturrupted Map

Have places that have been split

Uninterrupted Map

Do not have places that have been split

Geospatial technologies

Technology that allows people to visualize geographic data

Methods of acquiring geographic data

Field observations, personal interview, media reports, government documents, travel narratives, landscape analysis, photo analysis

Spatial Association

Relationships among variables over space

Concentration

Spread of a feature through space

Density

# of a feature within a given area

Patterns

Arrangements of features in relation to e/o

Flow

Movement of resources

Sense of place

Perception of a place due to its characteristics and familiarity

Agricultural

Production of agricultural products for human or animal consumption

Industrial

Produce/manufacture products

Commercial

Selling final goods/services

Residential

For people to build homes and live in

Recreational

Relaxing

Transportational

Helping people/goods get around

Renewable Resources

Can be reused infinitely

Non-renewable resources

Cannot be reused infinitely

Scale of Analysis

How the scale is split up

Graphic Scale

Verbal Scale

1cm : 1km

Representative Fraction / Ratio

1:100 000 000

Formal (Uniform) Region

Areas in which certain measurable characteristics are found throughout

Functional (Nodal) Region

Central Place and area around which is affected by it or uses its services

Vernacular (Perceptual)

Defined by People’s feelings and attitudes about an area

Sustainability

Sustainability consists of fulfilling the needs of current generations without compromising the needs of future generations

Aristotle

Came up with the theory the earth was spherical

Eratosthenes

• Calculated the circumference of the earth

• First to use the word Geography

Claudius Ptolemy

Wrote book called Geography and came up with idea of latitude and longitude

Muhammad al-Idrisi

Worked for the king of Sicily to make a accurate description of the Earth

George Perkins Marsh

• Described how natural systems are impacted by human actions.

• Considered to be the first modern environmentalist

Carl Sauer

Argued that cultural landscapes, the interactions between people and their environment, should be the focus of geographic study.

Geography

Study of the world (Place and space) and asking about humans’ relationships to the environment and other humans

What is Where

Describing where things are located

Why There

Describing why that phenomenon is here and not there

Why Care

Making connections – why should I care about this?

Physical Geography

The environment/natural things

Human Geography

People and things related to people or that they build (i.e. cities, transportation etc.)

Location

Ways of describing where something is

Site

The ground that the location occupies

Place

The ways of describing and identifying the characteristics of an area

Physical Characteristics

Natural features of an area

Human Characteristics

Human contributions to an area

Direct Human Impacts

Humans live there

Indirect Human Impacts

Humans do not live there, but influence through things like drifting air pollution

Human-Environment Interaction

How the Human world and the physical world impact each other

Adaptations

Changes humans have made to survive in their environments

Impacts

How human activities change the environment, and how environmental changes impact humans

Resources

How humans use the Earth’s natural resources for the own benefits

Movement and Globalization

How people and places interact