Glycolysis Lactate Fermentation

enzyme that catalyzes the recovery of ATPs invested to commit blood-borne glucose to glycolysis

pyruvate kinase

organizes the assembly, movement and fusion of exocytotic vesicles from the trans Golgi network carrying Glut4

Rab 10

final three-carbon product of glycolysis

pyruvate

enzyme that reduces pyruvate

LDH

performs an investment of ATP to retain glucose within working muscle

hexokinase II

becomes protonated during the formation of the covalent substrate-enzyme intermediate during GAPDH action

histidine

transferred to NAD+ during the GAPDH reaction

hydride

substrate which undergoes a +7.3 kcal/mole increase in deltaGo' during the glycolytic GAPDH reaction

ADP

variously regulated enzyme that commits hexose input into glycolysis instead of the pentose phosphate pathway or glycogen synthesis

PFK1

high energy structure characterized by the carbonyl found at the \#1 carbon of the product of the GAPDH reaction in glycolysis

acyl phosphate

pentacoordinate bonding state of phosphorus to five oxygens

phosphoryl transition state

in X-ray crystallography, included in crystallization mix to mimic the transition state for phosphate transfer reactions

aluminum trifluoride

during fermentation, the reduced three-carbon product exported from while glycolytic muscle cells

lactate

lowest energy state of phosphorus bound to four oxygens

Pi

organizes the assembly, movement and fusion of recycling exocytotic vesicles returning Glut4 from intracellular storage depots to the sarcolemma

Rab 14

organizes the assembly, movement and fusion of vesicles secreting insulin

Rab 37

substrate in the last substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis

phosphoenolpyruvate

bond formed between substrate and GAPDH as an intermediate

thioester

formation of this within the product of phosphoglycerate kinase drives the glycolytic direction of its reaction

carboxylate

organizes the assembly, movement and fusion of PDI containing vesicles to its site of required action

Rab 2

organizes the assembly, movement and fusion of lysosomes with endocytotic vesicles

Rab 7

planar array of nine atoms used by GAPs to achieve their function

guanidino

organizes the assembly, movement of vesicles carrying proinsulin to the Golgi

Rab 1