chapter 27- female reproductive system

Which of the following is an incorrect matching of female reproductive structures with their functions?

A. uterus: fertilization of ovum by sperm

B. vagina: birth canal

C. ovarian follicle: ovum (egg) production

D. uterine tube: transport ovum to uterus

A

Which layer of the uterus is the site for implantation of a fertilized egg?

A. stratum basalis of the endometrium

B. stratum functionalis of the endometrium

C. myometrium

D. perimetrium

B

Which of the following female sex hormones is most responsible for estrogenic effects?

A. estradiol

B. estrone

C. estriol

D. progesterone

A

Ovarian follicles contain mature eggs.

T or F

F

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the vagina of an adult female?

A. The mucosa of the vagina is stratified squamous epithelium.

B. The vaginal mucosa lacks glands.

C. The vagina is also called the birth canal.

D. The pH of the adult vagina is alkaline.

D

Which of the following conditions might contribute to an increased probability of having an ectopic pregnancy?

A. reduced blood flow to the ovaries

B. decreased number of cilia in the uterine tubes

C. reduced number of granulosa cells

D. decreased rate of formation of vesicular follicles

B

Which of the following may aggravate the symptoms of a prolapsed uterus?

A. constipation

B. chronic coughing

C. obesity

D. All of the listed responses are correct.

D

Of the following statements, select the statement that is NOT true of uterine function.

A. The myometrium contracts to expel the fetus during childbirth.

B. The narrow portion of the uterus near the cervix is the most typical site of fertilization.

C. The rhythmic, reverse peristalsis of the uterus can propel sperm toward the egg.

D. The endometrium has a functional layer that the embryo will implant into.

B

The structures that receive the ovulated oocyte, providing a site for fertilization, are called the ________.

A. infundibula

B. Graafian follicles

C. fimbriae

D. uterine tubes

D

Fertilization generally occurs in the ________.

A. vagina

B. uterus

C. ovary

D. uterine tubes

D

Which of the choices below is NOT a function of the vagina?

A. serves as the birth canal

B. serves as a passageway for menstrual flow

C. serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte

D. receives semen from the penis during sexual intercourse

C

Which of the following female structures is homologous to the male scrotum?

A. vagina

B. labia majora

C. labia minora

D. clitoris

B

What part(s) of the breast produce(s) milk?

A. alveoli

B. lactiferous ducts

C. areola

D. lactiferous sinus

A

The mammary glands are well developed in all females

T or F

F

Which of the following statements is true concerning the mammary glands of both males and females?

A. The only time hormones target breast tissue is during pregnancy and lactation.

B. The mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are part of the integumentary system.

C. Both sexes are equally prone to breast cancer.

D. All lumps identified in breast tissue are malignant.

B

Formation of a secondary oocyte occurs during __________.

A. the follicular phase

B. ovulation

C. the luteal phase

D. pregnancy

A

In humans, separation of the cells at the two-cell state following fertilization may lead to the production of twins, which in this case would be ________.

A. potentially of different sexes

B. genetically identical

C. fraternal

D. dizygotic

B

Effects of estrogen include ________.

A. growth of the breasts at puberty

B. growth of the larynx

C. deepening of the voice

D. increased oiliness of the skin

A

Secretion of progesterone stimulates ________.

A. proliferation of the uterine myometrium

B. preparation of the mammary glands for lactation

C. development of the female secondary sex characteristics

D. contraction of uterine muscles

B

Normally menstruation occurs when ________.

A. the corpus luteum secretes estrogen

B. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease

C. blood levels of FSH fall off

D. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone increase

B

Which of the following will occur immediately after ovulation?

A. The corpus luteum becomes a corpus albicans.

B. The secretion of anterior pituitary gonadotropins is enhanced.

C. The endometrium enters its secretory phase.

D. The corpus luteum secretes estrogen only.

C

Which hormone is the necessary trigger for ovulation to occur?

A.FSH

B. estrogen

C. progesterone

D.LH

D

Select the correct statement about the hormonal events of the ovarian cycle.

A. High estrogen levels result in a surge of LH release.

B. Rising levels of estrogen start follicle development.

C. The LH surge stimulates further development of the secondary oocyte.

D. The follicle begins to secrete progesterone in response to estrogen stimulation.

A

All of the following statements referring to the uterine cycle are true EXCEPT ________.

A. FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium

B. estrogen is secreted by the developing follicle in the follicular phase of the cycle

C. a decrease in the levels of ovarian hormones signals menstruation

D. the corpus luteum is formed from the ruptured follicle after ovulation

A

A couple is undergoing evaluation for difficulty conceiving a child. The female is able to ovulate, and the male produces adequate normal sperm. The woman reports 20 days between menses. What problem does this suggest?

A. Her hypothalamus does not produce gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

B. Her pituitary does not produce luteinizing hormone.

C. The corpus luteum may cease production of progesterone too soon.

D. Her pituitary does not produce follicle-stimulating hormone.

C

The adenohypophyseal hormone that triggers ovulation is estrogen.

T or F

F

Ovulation occurs near the end of the ovarian cycle.

T or F

F

The corpus luteum secretes progesterone only.

T or F

F

The zona pellucida is formed as the follicle becomes a secondary follicle.

T or F

F

Which of the following differentiates the follicular and luteal phases of the ovarian cycle?

A. The luteal phase occurs directly before ovulation while estrogen levels are high, and the follicular phase occurs directly after ovulation when estrogen levels drop.

B. The follicular phase is the period during which the follicle secretes estrogen, and the luteal phase is when the follicle secretes luteinizing hormone.

C. The follicular phase ends with a peak in progesterone production that triggers ovulation and the start of the luteal phase.

D. The follicular phase occurs directly before ovulation, and the luteal phase occurs directly after ovulation.

D

What is the role of the granulosa cells in the ovarian cycle?

A. Granulosa cells produce progesterone.

B. Granulosa cells guide the development of the oocyte.

C. Granulosa cells become the secondary oocyte once the antrum is formed.

D. Granulosa cells release LH to trigger ovulation.

B

What is the fate of the corpus luteum if pregnancy occurs?

A. It continues to stimulate development of the oocyte until ovulation can occur.

B. It produces progesterone and some estrogen for about 10 days and then degrades.

C. It implants into the uterine wall to begin pregnancy.

D. It secretes progesterone and some estrogen for about three months.

D

Which hormone is most responsible for triggering ovulation?

A. progesterone

B. luteinizing hormone (LH)

C. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

D. estrogen

B

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A. to produce haploid reproductive cells

B. to create more cells during growth and development of the body

C. to allow for replacing of worn out cells

D. to repair and heal damaged tissues

A

During what stage of meiosis do chromosomes align on the spindle equator in homologous pairs?

A. anaphase II

B. anaphase I

C. metaphase I

D. metaphase II

C

Why do chiasmata form during meiosis?

A. to maintain a diploid number of chromosomes in the cells produced by meiosis I

B. to trigger formation of polar bodies

C. to form gametes that are genetically unique

D. to form four identical daughter cells

C

During cellular division, the replication of DNA occurs __________.

A. before mitosis and meiosis I

B. before mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II

C. before mitosis and between meiosis I and meiosis II

D. before mitosis, but it is not necessary for it to occur before either meiosis I or meiosis II

A

If a woman has just ended her menstrual phase, when is she most likely to ovulate?

A. within the next 4 days

B. in about 14 days

C. in about 24 days

D. in about 10 days

D

During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, ________ reaches its highest levels.

A. estrogen

B. progesterone

C. FSH

D. LH

B

What event coincides with the transition from the proliferative phase to the secretory phase?

A. Menstruation begins.

B. Glandular secretions commence.

C. Stratum functionalis is shed.

D. Ovulation occurs.

D

During what phase of the female's uterine cycle is the uterine lining shed?

A. preovulatory phase

B. menstrual phase

C. proliferative phase

D. secretory, or postovulatory, phase

B

What ovarian structure forms at the beginning of the secretory phase, encouraging its progress, and then degenerates just before menses?

A. primary follicle

B. corpus albicans

C. corpus luteum

D. vesicular follicle

C

What structure is the target for gonadotropin stimulation occurring during the events that lead to ovulation?

A. the corpus luteum

B. pituitary gland

C. the endometrium

D. vesicular follicles

D

A surge in __________ directly triggers ovulation.

A. luteinizing hormone (LH)

B. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

C. progesterone

D. estrogen

A

During the secretory phase of the uterine cycle, __________.

A. the endometrium is shed

B. ovulation occurs

C. the endometrium prepares for implantation

D. the functional layer of the endometrium regenerates

C

Which of the following is an effect of estrogens in females?

A. promotes water loss (diuresis)

B. promotes oogenesis

C. promotes lactation

D. suppresses the effect of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

B

Amenorrhea can occur in women engaged in extremely strenuous physical activity. It also occurs in women who ______.

A. are pregnant

B. are overweight for a prolonged period of time

C. have the classic type of Addison's disease

D. All of the listed responses are correct.

A

The oral contraceptive pill, informally called "the pill," contains an estrogen and progesterone, or a synthetic mimic of this hormone. The combination of these two hormones, taken in the pill and circulating in the blood, works because ________.

A. the hormones cause the woman's body to mimic the activities of a pregnancy and disrupt the ovarian cycle, preventing ovulation

B. the hormones prevent the proliferative or secretory phase of the menstrual cycle and the embryo will have no place to implant

C. the hormones cause a thickening of the mucus plug at the cervix that prevents sperm from penetrating the womb and reaching the ovulated egg

D. the hormones create an acid condition in the vagina that acts as a spermicide

A

Which is NOT a part of the proliferative phase of the female menstrual cycle?

A. development of endometrial cells

B. vesicular follicle growth

C. late in this phase, cervical mucus becomes thin and crystalline

D. corpus luteum secretion

D

Select the correct statement about the uterine cycle.

A. During the proliferative phase, levels of progesterone rise as the follicle produces more hormone.

B. The menstrual phase of the cycle is normally from day 1 to day 8.

C. If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo

D. During the secretory phase, estrogen levels are at their highest.

C

Which of the following phases or processes in the monthly reproductive cycle of the female occur simultaneously?

A. early follicular development and the secretory phase in the uterus

B. regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion

C. maximal LH secretion and menstruation

D. maximal steroid secretion by the corpus luteum and menstruation

B

Jasmine's doctor has ordered measurement of her androgen levels. Which of the following statements is most accurate about this test?

A. Levels should be low but not absent, because the ovaries produce androgens but convert most of them into estrogens.

B. It depends on her muscle mass; androgens are anabolic steroids and cause muscle growth, so more muscle means more androgens.

C. It should come back negative, because women do not produce any androgens.

D. It depends on the phase of her cycle; androgens are only synthesized during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle.

A

Jasmine is started on oral contraceptives containing a combination of an estrogen and progesterone. These will regulate her menstrual cycles and decrease her androgen level. They will also act to prevent pregnancy by preventing ovulation. What phase of the uterine cycle is caused by sustained elevation of both estrogen and progesterone levels?

A. Follicular phase.

B. Proliferative phase.

C. Secretory phase.

D. Menstrual phase.

C

Extremely stressful physical activity in young females can result in excessive bone mass due to large amounts of estrogen production.

T or F

F

When does ovulation occur in the uterine cycle?

A. at the end of the proliferative phase

B. at the end of the menstrual phase

C. at the end of the secretory phase

D. at the end of the luteal phase

A

Which of the following is an effect of luteinizing hormone (LH) after ovulation?

A. It maintains the corpus luteum.

B. It thins the cervical plug to facilitate the passage of sperm.

C. It inhibits the formation of secretory glands in the mucosal endometrium during the secretive stage.

D. It stimulates production of a new functional layer of the endometrium.

A

At which point in the uterine cycle are the ovarian hormone levels at their lowest?

A. at the beginning of the proliferative phase

B. at ovulation

C. about one week after ovulation

D. at the beginning of the menstrual phase

D

What is the role of estrogen on luteinizing hormone (LH) production?

A. Estrogen levels have no effect on LH production.

B. Estrogen only inhibits LH production so that as estrogen levels increase, there will always be a corresponding decrease in LH levels.

C. Estrogen may have either an inhibitory or an excitatory effect on LH production depending on the overall estrogen levels.

D. Estrogen only has an excitatory effect on LH release so that as estrogen levels increase, there will always be a corresponding increase in LH levels.

C

In females, orgasm is required for fertilization.

T or F

F

The __________ develop into the female duct system.

A. mesonephric ducts

B. gonadal ridges

C. paramesonephric ducts

D. urethral folds

C

Which of the following does NOT occur in both the male and female sexual response?

A. Blood flow to genital structures increases.

B. Blood pressure and heart rate increase.

C. Muscles of structures in the reproductive duct contract rhythmically.

D. A refractory period follows orgasm.

D

Female orgasm is required for conception.

T or F

F

Besides causing genital warts, human papillomavirus (HPV) has been associated with what type of cancer?

A. cervical

B. testicular

C. uterine

D. ovarian

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) associated with untreated gonorrheal infections results in fallopian tube scarring and infertility. What other disorder would a female with PID be at high risk for?

A. ectopic pregnancy

B. bacterial vaginosis

C. miscarriage

D. bladder stones

A

The critical factor that determines gender during development is ________.

A. the SRY gene

B. lack of an X chromosome

C. presence of progesterone

D. inhibition of estrogen

A

Which of these statements about sexually transmitted infections is FALSE?

A. Chlamydia is caused by bacteria that can often be asymptomatic or bring on a wide variety of symptoms.

B. Gonorrhea is caused by a bacterium that can bring on painful discharges in males.

C. Genital herpes is caused by a virus that may cause intermittent lesions.

D. Syphilis is caused by a virus that may lead to death if untreated.

D

What part of the female system is the usual site of fertilization of the ovulated oocyte?

A. uterine (fallopian) tube

B. uterus

C. vagina

D. cervical canal

A

Which of the following represents the correct pathway of the egg after leaving the ovary and entering the uterine tube?

A. uterus, isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum

B. infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterus

C. ampulla, isthmus, infundibulum, uterus

D. infundibulum, isthmus, uterus, ampulla

B

The Pap smear is a test to detect cancerous changes in cells of the cervix.

T or F

T

The soft mucosal lining of the uterus is the endometrium.

T or F