PHS final 2025 Review

Flashcards in question and answer format.

How many chambers does the heart have?

4

Is the heart a muscle?

True

What prevents the backflow of blood in the heart?

Valves

What is the fluid portion of the blood called?

Plasma

When blood leaves the left ventricle, where does it go?

Aortic valve

Which blood vessels connect arterioles to venules?

Capillaries

What is the largest artery in the body?

Aorta

What is the purpose of leukocytes (White Blood Cells) in the blood?

Fight diseases and infections

When blood leaves the right atrium, what valve must it pass through before entering the right ventricle?

Tricuspid valve

What are the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart called?

Arteries

What divides the heart into right and left sides?

Septum

Correct flow of blood through the body starting with the aorta: 

Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Vena cava

Which blood vessels contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood?

Veins

What structures are located within the lungs?

Bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

What are the anterior nares also called?

Nostril

What are the small hairs that help to entrap and sweep out larger dirt particles called?

Cilia

What are the air sacs within the lungs called?

Alveoli

What is the large muscle under the chest cavity which pulls down to allow air to enter the lungs called?

Diaphragm

The heart and lungs are found within which cavity?

Thoracic

Air is diffused through what structure into the bloodstream?

Alveoli

What gas is breathed out in the largest quantity?

Carbon dioxide

What is the nose divided into a right and left side by?

septum

Hiccups are caused by spasms of what muscle?

Diaphragm

What term is used when there is no breathing?

Apnea

What term is used for difficult or painful breathing?

Dyspnea

When does biological death, which is irreversible brain damage, occur?

6-10

The ovary itself is considered a:

Female Gonad

What is a doctor who delivers babies called?

Obstetrician

Where is sperm produced in the male?

Seminiferous tubules

What structure is the location where sperm is stored and where it matures?

Epididymis

What structure carries urine from the bladder to the tip of the penis?

Urethra

What region of the penis is removed during a circumcision?

prepuce

How often does ovulation (the release of an egg) occur?

28 days

What region of the uterus has a narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina?

Cervix

What layer of the uterus does the fertilized egg implant in?

Endometrium

How does blood reach the kidneys?

a renal artery that branches from the abdominal aorta

What is the renal cortex of the kidney?

Hard outer layer

What is oliguria?

Scanty urine

Painful or difficult urination is known as:?

Dysuria

Presence of blood in the urine is known as:?

Hematuria

Why is the left kidney normally higher than the right kidney?

The anatomical position of the liver

What hormone, after being released from the kidneys, functions with bone marrow to stimulate mature red blood cell production?

Erythropoietin

What is the initial site of blood filtration and urine formation?

Glomerulus

After food is chewed and mixed with saliva, what is it called?

Bolus

What circular muscle between the esophagus and stomach closes and prevents food from going back up the esophagus?

Cardiac sphincter (esophageal)

What fingerlike projections line the walls of the small intestines that absorb digested nutrients?

Villi

What part of the small intestine receives bile and pancreatic juices?

Duodenum

Food is converted to what semi-fluid material in the stomach?

Chyme

What is the surgical removal of the gallbladder called?

Cholecystectomy

What circular muscle between the stomach and the small intestine that keeps food in the stomach until the food is ready to enter the small intestines?

Pyloric sphincter

What glandular organ secretes bile?

Liver

What is fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone and supports joints called?

Ligament

What are the air spaces in the skull which provide for voice resonance called?

Sinuses

What are the areas where the infant has soft spots and cranial bones have not fused called?

Fontanels

Know parts of the axial skeleton

Skull, spinal column, ribs, breast bone

What is Scoliosis?

Side to side, or Lateral curvature of the spine

What is Kyphosis?

Hunchback

What is Lordosis?

Swayback

What is Osteoporosis?

Increased softening of the bones

What is Osteomyelitis?

A bone inflammation usually caused by a pathogenic organism

Which muscle is voluntary?

Skeletal

A tough, sheet-like membrane that covers and protects the tissue is a _.

Fascia

If the leg is moved out to the side away from the body, the movement is _.

Abduction

If the lower leg is straightened away from the upper leg (line angle is increased), the movement is _.

Extension

Swinging the arm in a circle is an example of _.

Circumduction

The muscle on the upper chest that adducts and flexes the upper arm is the _.

Pectoralis major

The muscle that extends from the ribs to the pubis and compresses the abdomen is the _.

Rectus abdominis

allows muscle to return to its original shape after being contracted or stretched

Elasticity

Irritability or ability to respond to a stimulus

Excitability

ability to be stretched

Extensibility

strong connective tissue cords that attach muscle to bone

Tendon

State of Partial contraction of a muscle

Muscle tone

Sebaceous gland is another name for:

Oil gland

Sudoriferous gland is another name for:

Sweat gland

This method of delivering medicine through the skin is called:

Transdermal

The brownish-black skin pigment is called:

Melanin

The absence of skin pigment is called:

Albino

Concentrated areas of melanin under the skin are called:

Freckles

A reddened discoloration of the skin is called:

Erythema

A bluish discoloration of the skin is called:

Cyanosis

A yellowish discoloration of the skin is called:

Jaundice

What is a crust skin lesion?

areas of dried pus and blood, commonly called scabs

What is Macule?

flat spots on the skin such as freckles

What is Papule?

firm raised areas such as pimples and the eruptions

What is Wheal?

itchy elevated areas with an irregular shape