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Speciation
The process by which natural selection leads to the formation of a new species, often through changes in color or genetic mutations during reproduction.
Extinction
The complete disappearance of an entire species due to environmental changes, forcing species to adapt, migrate, or die.
Endemic species
Species that are found in only one specific area, making them more vulnerable to extinction.
Background extinction rate
The rate at which Earth's species have historically disappeared, typically a low percentage like 0.0001%.
Mass extinction
An event characterized by a significant increase in the background extinction rate, often ranging from 25-95%.
Species diversity
The characteristics of a community, including species richness (number of species) and species evenness (proportion of species).
Ecological niche
The role a species plays in an ecosystem, including its pattern of living and habitat.
Specialist species
Species with narrow, specific niches, often limited to one type of habitat or food source.
Native species
Species that naturally live and thrive in a particular ecosystem.
Indicator species
Species that provide early warnings of ecosystem failure.
Keystone species
Species that have critical roles in an ecosystem, such as pollinators or top predators.
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