Homeostasis, Feedback Mechanisms, and Biochemistry (Video Notes)

Flashcards covering homeostasis, feedback mechanisms, glucose regulation, pH, buffers, and biological macromolecules as presented in the lecture notes.

In the Regulated Physiological Variables mnemonic, what does 'Big' stand for?

Blood Pressure

In the Regulated Physiological Variables mnemonic, what does 'Bad' stand for?

Blood Volume

In the Regulated Physiological Variables mnemonic, what does 'Bears' stand for?

Blood Osmolarity

In the Regulated Physiological Variables mnemonic, what does 'Crack' stand for?

Calcium

In the Regulated Physiological Variables mnemonic, what does 'Tiny' stand for?

Body Temperature

In the Regulated Physiological Variables mnemonic, what does 'Pigeon' stand for?

pH (hydrogen ion concentration)

In the Regulated Physiological Variables mnemonic, what does 'Eggs' stand for?

Glucose

In the Regulated Physiological Variables mnemonic, what does 'Cook' stand for?

Carbon Dioxide

In the Regulated Physiological Variables mnemonic, what does 'Perfect' stand for?

Potassium

In the Regulated Physiological Variables mnemonic, what does 'Omelets' stand for?

Oxygen

What are the three components of a homeostatic control mechanism?

Receptor, Control Center, and Effector

Define negative feedback in homeostasis.

The response moves in the opposite direction of the stimulus to restore homeostasis.

Describe a positive feedback loop.

The response reinforces the stimulus, amplifying deviation until an endpoint.

What is the relationship between maintaining homeostasis and health/disease?

Maintaining homeostasis supports health; failure leads to disease.

Which component detects environmental changes in a homeostatic system?

Receptor (sensory receptor)

Which component brings about a change to the stimulus in a homeostatic system?

Effector

Which component detects a change in the stimulus?

Receptor

What hormone is released by the pancreas in response to increased blood glucose after a meal?

Insulin

Which tissues primarily respond to insulin to uptake glucose?

Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

Is glucose homeostasis typically governed by negative or positive feedback?

Negative feedback

Which hormone regulates glucose uptake into tissues?

Insulin

What are the four organic biological macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids

Define monomer and polymer.

Monomer is a repeating subunit; Polymer is a long chain of monomers.

Where is glycogen stored in the body?

Skeletal muscle and liver

Which biomolecule does not exist in the body as a polymer?

Lipids

Lactose is what type of sugar?

Disaccharide

What is the storage form of carbohydrate in animal skeletal muscle?

Glycogen

What does pH measure?

Hydrogen ion concentration; acidity vs basicity; scale 0-14

What is a buffer?

A substance that resists pH changes by accepting H+ from excess acid or donating H+ to neutralize base.

What are the buffering systems in blood?

Carbonic acid (H2CO3) and bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Difference between strong and weak acids.

Strong acids fully dissociate in water; weak acids partially dissociate.

What is an ion? What is an anion and a cation?

An ion is a charged particle; Anion is negatively charged; Cation is positively charged.

What is an ionic compound?

A compound that dissociates into ions in water.

What is the difference between a solvent and a solute?

Solvent dissolves; solute is dissolved.

What is a solution?

A homogeneous mixture of solute dissolved in solvent.

Which body systems primarily control homeostasis?

Endocrine and nervous systems

What diseases are associated with impaired homeostasis mentioned in the notes?

Diabetes (high blood glucose) and hypertension (high blood pressure)

What is the neutral pH value?

7

What is the normal blood pH range?

7.35–7.45

What is the general pH trend among stomach, blood, oral cavity, and skeletal muscle?

Stomach is acidic; Blood is near neutral/slightly basic; Oral cavity and muscle vary; Blood has the highest pH among the options listed.

Which site listed has the highest pH?

Blood

What does pH stand for?

Potential of hydrogen

What elements are found in biological macromolecules?

Carbon, hydrogen, and usually oxygen